Presentation Outline • Risk and resilience for refugee children • Unrecognized consequences, beyond PTSD: two stories • Refugee children in Canada: accessing rights – Detention of asylum seeker children – Access to health care – child care
• Intersectorial intervention and prevention – school based programs – Supporting families
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Refugee children as an at risk group • Considered as a high risk group • Prevailing premises stem from: – – – –
Clinical studies of War trauma (Kinzie) Post world war II experiences Trauma focused studies (PTSD) A collective gaze on the « helpless other » (Kleinman 1997)
Pulitzer photo 1994
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However: • Most studies documenting high symptoms (PTSD/depression) also report good social adjustment (adolescents). • A number of recent studies (Norway, Denmark, Canada, Belgium) report the same level of symptoms in refugee children than in their host country peers (or less). • Need to understand the complexity of risk and resilience processes.
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Example The Khmer refugee adolescents (longitudinal study) • Globally less risk behaviour than their Quebec peers. • Family trauma protects from externalization and risk behaviour. •Overcompensation hypothesis: succeeding for those who died. •Resistance hypothesis: fighting the Khmer rouge project. • But increase in internalisation in post‐pubertal girls •Activation of transgenerational transmission? •Linked to diverging norms around gender role and behaviour
Example The Somali unaccompanied minors (ethnographic and qualitative study Addis Abeba – Montréal) • Risk linked to the parental separation or to the negative chain of events associated? • Resilience is not defined in the same way by communities and host country professionals. • Resilience is collectively constructed around a common dream. • There is a limit to any collective support “falling into the dream”
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Example: Guatemala « retormados » • The return of Mayan youth exiled in Mexico in two highlands communities • The impact of international NGO discourse the shattering of traditional Mayan strategies • The disappearance of the borrowed discourse, after the NGO were gone • The connection to the land and the nature as a continuity beyond repeated historical traumas
Unrecognized consequences: Hussein a 9 year‐old Somali boy • Referred for hyperactivity and violence • Treated with methylphenidate and considered as delinquent • Behaviour deteriorates with placement in special class • Assessment in transcultural psychiatry demands a long negotiation around interpreters • Reveal massive exposure to trauma – Wounded by Grenada – Caught in cross‐fire – Food deprivation to the point of Vitamin A blindness in brother
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Hussein: intervention • « Fosterage » with a retired Canadian teacher • Placement in regular class • Restoring his status in the family (oldest boy) • Supporting his overwhelmed mother • Role of therapy?
Unrecognized consequences: Lin’s silence • 7 years old boy born in Canada • Elective mutism at school • Well educated parents, no apparent problems • Anxiety disorder and/or language problems?
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Unrecognized consequences: • Family assessment reveals parents trauma • Pol pot death camps • Surviving because of silence • Children’s mutual loyalty • Lin’s gaze… Lin’s words
Refugee children in Canada: accessing rights? • Refugee determination is a stressful process for children « He just has to think I am his grandmother » • Detention of children of asylum claimants in adult facilities is still common in Canada • Presently detention of asylum claimant children is prohibited in various European countries
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A Montreal‐Toronto survey of professionals perceptions toward entitlement to care for children • Personnel and institutional position – Immigrant origin – Clinician vs administrator – Hospital vs primary care center
Influence position toward entitlement more than actual contact with undocumented children. • Right to health and development is largely endorsed but for a large number of health care professionals is not linked to entitlement to care for undocumented children and pregnant women.
Implications • Results shed light on institutional silence • Ethical/human right training is needed within health care institutions • Health care providers should raise social awareness about non respect of international conventions • In times of growing xenophobia, international networks are needed for advocacy work aimed at the adoption of policies respecting the international conventions
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Advocating at the policy level • Swedish pediatrician and children’s right to health: Obtaining universality of access to health care
• Australian psychiatrists and researchers opposing prolonged detention of asylum seekers: Shattering the government position
• Access to child care? (Morantz, 2011)
Accessing rights? • Canada’s supreme court ruling: the best interest of the child prevails over provincial and federal law • Asking for equity, not privileges • Toward advocacy? • What role for the Canadian professionals?
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Intersectorial mental health work School‐based intervention programs
• Targeted or general? (Offord) • Mostly community organization programs • Micro innovative practices in education milieu • Adapted to local conditions • Usually non stigmatising • But difficult to study following the « evidence based » paradigms
Implications for clinical practice: • Looks for the strengths and the resiliency as much as for the symptoms • Do not assume directionality of stressors (trauma‐separation) or assign meaning • Expect changes in resilience/vulnerability trajectory • Expand the repertoire of « non specific » interventions
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Implication for practice: • The refugee family‐institution relation should be understood culturally and contextually – Trust cannot be assumed and should be worked toward – Avoidance of Divisive issue (migratory politics, discrimination, WOT) is the rule rather than the exception – Acknowledgement of « social suffering » linked to the precarity of the refugee status is key
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