EUROCONTROL Innovative ATM Research Workshop, 03 December 2008
* Now with new organization
Sonja Straussberger* & Jean-Yves Lantes* (Eurisco International)˫ Guillaume Muller*, Amine Boumaza* & Francois Charpillet (LORIA)˫ Franck Salis (Dassault Aviation)˫
A socio-cognitive Descriptive Modeling Approach to Represent Authority Distribution in ATM
Human Factors Specialist
Sonja STRAUSSBERGER Airbus France
Presented by
PAUSA 2008
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• Outlook
• Example ASAS Sequencing and Merging
• Model development
• Requirements for socio-cognitive modeling
• The need for addressing authority
Content
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High ATCO workload
Changing authority concepts
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TODAY • Aircrew has ultimate control of trajectory and responsibility of flight safety (including Collision Avoidance)˫ • Ground is responsible for separation • Mandated by regulation
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ĺIncreased human-machine collaboration
Still increased traffic
Changing authority concepts
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TOMORROW •Human remains in the loop, but future operational concepts contain a new dimension of « Who does what and when » •ATCO is no longer single point of cognition to ensure stability, flexibility, and consistency •Dynamic variations of distributions and structures of a given authority
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Delegation
Contracts
Operational: power to act
Legal: responsibility
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Control
Accountability
AUTHORITY
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Trading
Negotiation
allocation
Static Function
Common frame
of reference
Distribution
Sharing
The concept of authority in ATM (PAUSA, 2008)˫
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3 December 2008
domains and disciplines with different objectives
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• Enable collaboration between users from different work
initial reviews of the scenario, as prepared by the functional analysis and completed by end users’ experience elicit and validate the most relevant experience- and operator-based scenarios for HITL simulations to well target time and money set the accurate human factors features to be observed with the associated metrics in simulation
illustrate
terms of structures and functions on both a local and a global level, especially the dynamic aspect of authority sharing • Support iterative concept analysis, prototyping, and evaluation as the corner stone of the process between scenarios and simulations
• Allow a precise understanding of a multi-agent system in
Requirements for a modeling approach
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•Prescribe
•Predict
•Diagnose
•Interpret
•Describe
Why modeling?
Modeling
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•Fast-time simulation •MIDAS •Distributed cognition •Cognitive Work Analysis
ATM Examples:
acquisition, organisation, use of knowledge
Cognitive
Functional perspective
implement a simplified representation of the world
directed behaviour towards another member of society
Socio
Organizational perspective
Modeling beyond traditions
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Goal
Context
Abnormal conditions
Normal strategy
Action
Triggering preconditions
Initial situation
Abnormal strategy
(Boy, 1998)˫
(Ferber, 2005)˫
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Multi-level System Description
Interaction Block Concept
Source: ATC Task Analysis, Pilot Task descriptions, Function Analysis
Generic Activity Models
Agent-Group-Role
Identify formats
Operator-defined declarative and procedural scenarios
Develop database
The model development
Strategy
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Group
Identify roles
Identify agents
Identify goals
The organizational modeling
Abbreviations IP IG IA R M FO CmI CmE CI CN SO
Role Information Provider Information Gatherer Information Analyzer Relayer Monitor Flying Operator Command Initiator Command Executer Clearance Initiator Clearance Negotiator Spacing Operator
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Human Machine • Planning • STCA (Short Controller Term Conflict Alert) • Executive Controller • ERATO • Approach • AMAN Controller (Approach (EXE) Manager) • Approach Controller (PLE) • Sequencer
Groundside Agents
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Airside Agents (A380, A321, Falcon9000) Human Machine • Pilot Flying (in • FMS role of First • Navigation Officer) Display • Pilot Non (+CDTI), Flying (in role • ACAS/TCAS of Captain) (AP- TCAS), • Flight • ECAM, Dispatcher • RMP, • PFD, • FCU
Service/ Customer satisfaction
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2
3
S&M Target selection
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1 EC(IG) uses information provided by RADAR and by conflicts detected by MTCD or STCA. To solve conflicts, EC issues clearances to aircraft, aircraft executes clearances. 2 PNF(CN) communicates with ground and relays to PF(Cml) who transforms clearance in command by FCU(CmE). 3 PF monitors through ND(IP) and PFD(IP).
1
Separation today
An ASAS Example
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1
3
2
S&M Target selection
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1 EC(IG) issues clearance to PNF(CN) that indicates target aircraft and confirms action on Specific HMI(IG)˫ 2 PF (CN) operates autopilpt to follow target and sends command to FMGS. 3 FMGS manages separation with other aircraft using the information on target’s transponder, PNF monitors execution of maneuver.
Separation today
An ASAS Example
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S&M Target selection
authority delegation function
Separation today
An ASAS Example
Activity type Action/Dialogue
Context ATC
Interaction
Context’ A/C
Context’’ Bj
Interaction block group
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3 December 2008
(action/dialogue)˫
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Additional properties •Resources (internal and external); •A situation pattern that includes agents and general context patterns; •Postconditions (consequences) that include an activity type (Action/Dialogue)˫ •Goals to achieve
Normal strategy
Resources
Agents in context
Initial situation
Interaction block
The functional modeling
Strategy
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Scenario Events
Scenario Context Goal
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Role Function
Role Function
Function
Internal/external Ressources
A practical support: The PAUSA - Tool (Prototype)˫
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Level 3
Level 2
Examples for generic task models
Level 1
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© AIRBUS FRANCE S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document..
effect of new technologies or procedures
redundant functions
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all necessary roles present in a certain context are roles part of several groups, and which form of interdependence is present are structural differences, contradictive role assignments and potential role conflicts existing
are
• Show interacting groups of agents within a certain task
e.g.
and ground agents as well as internal and external resources required depending on the context
• Make explicit cognitive functions used to execute tasks by air
e.g.
• Comparison of static and dynamic settings in a systematic way
Discussion of approach
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related with power) and legal authority (responsibility)˫ • Link for evaluating Human Factors Issues through Perception-Decision-Action-Control-Loop • Different levels of abstraction to illustrate scenarios to various stakeholder groups • Experience integration based on operational experts’ activity descriptions in scenarios • A first qualitative evaluation of PAUSA support tool was undertaken with a total of four persons - suggestions concerning the representation of information and metrics
• Authority is considered in terms of operational authority (roles
Further issues
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Protocol
Generic Models
ĺ To determine critical scenario sequences
Pausa-Tool V1
HF Metrics +
Scenarios +
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ĺ To assess emerging cognitive functions and design solutions
Pausa-Tool V2
in Simulation
Observations
•Facilitation of work in interdisciplinary teams during the iterative process of design and evaluation
Outlook
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complexity, coordination, and cooperation
to
Collaborators welcome!
make implementation effort pay off!
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• Further validation work using creative approaches
• Iteration on prototype and basic models
e.g.
• Metrics to characterize issues to be developed
Next steps
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[email protected]
Request the PAUSA report:
Hello from the contributors
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Thank you for your attention! © AIRBUS FRANCE S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document..
© AIRBUS FRANCE S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document..
Abbreviations IP IG IA R M FO CmI CmE CI CN SO
Role Information Provider Information Gatherer Information Analyzer Relayer Monitor Flying Operator Command Initiator Command Executer Clearance Initiator Clearance Negotiator Spacing Operator
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