Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications
Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications
J.-M Friedt & al. Cooperative target design
J.M Friedt1,2 , D. Rabus3 , G. Martin1 , G. Goavec-M´erou1,3 , F. Ch´erioux 1 , M. Sato2
Experimental demonstration Timebase stability issue Dedicated hardware for sensor
1
FEMTO-ST Time & Frequency department, Besan¸con, France 2 CNEAS, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 3 SENSeOR SAS. Besan¸con, France
[email protected] slides and references at jmfriedt.free.fr
October 5, 2017 1 / 14
Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications J.-M Friedt & al. Cooperative target design Experimental demonstration Timebase stability issue Dedicated hardware for sensor
RADAR cooperative target • a passive target is illuminated by an electromagnetic wave, • this target is designed so that the backscattered signal is
representative of a measurement, • the sensor is separated from clutter using Time Division Multiple
Access (delay the sensor response beyond clutter) • the sensor response is preferably included in a time/phase
information rather than an amplitude, sensitive to too many effects. [1] C.T. Allen, S. Kun, R.G Plumb, The use of ground-penetrating radar with a cooperative target, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 36 (5) (Sept. 1998) pp. 1821– 1825
[2] D. J. Thomson, D. Card, and G. E. Bridges, RF Cavity Passive Wireless Sensors With TimeDomain Gating-Based Interrogation for SHM of Civil Structures, IEEE Sensors Journal 9 (11) (Nov. 2009), pp.1430-1438 2 / 14
Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications J.-M Friedt & al. Cooperative target design Experimental demonstration Timebase stability issue Dedicated hardware for sensor
Acoustic transducers • Acoustic = mechanical wave propagating in solid media (no
relation to sound/seismics) • Surface acoustic wave transducer: use a piezoelectric substrate to
convert an electromagnetic wave to acoustic wave • Classical analog radiofrequency processing circuit (seen as an
electrical dipole by the user) • the acoustic wave is 105 slower than the electromagnetic wave • λ = c/f : shrink c ⇒ shrink λ ⇒ compact sensors • Cleanroom processing since
1 m wavelength at 300 MHz → 10 µm wavelength. • At 2.45 GHz, λ = 1.2 µm or 300 nm wide electrodes ! • Piezoelectric substrate is anisotropic: select crystal orientation to maximize sensor sensitivity (stress, temperature, pressure, chemical sensing)
3 / 14
J.-M Friedt & al. Cooperative target design Experimental demonstration Timebase stability issue Dedicated hardware for sensor
Acoustic transducers as RADAR cooperative targets Two ways of delaying sensor signal beyond clutter: • delay path long enough (1 µs=100 m-long coaxial cable but 1 mm long acoustic path) • resonator stores energy and slowly releases it with a time constant Q/(πf ) • initial returned signal level 0 resonator, τ =7 us resonator, τ =0.7 us given by the electroFSPL FSPL ~ 1/d^4 −20 mechanical coupling coefficient of the sensor measurement −40 clutter piezo substrate resonator, • accurate time delay low Q, high K^2 as phase measurement −60 resonator, delay line high Q, low K^2 using cross-correlation −8.6 dB/τ loss (dB)
Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications
−80 −100 0
receiver noise level
0.5
1 time (us)
1.5
2 4 / 14
Experimental demonstration: chemical sensing • Coat the propagation path with a layer absorbing the compound to
J.-M Friedt & al. Cooperative target design
be detected p E /ρ with E the elastic constant and ρ the density:
• c =
• load mass ⇒ ρ ↑⇒ c ↓ • stiffen the layer ⇒ E ↑⇒ c ↑
Experimental demonstration Timebase stability issue
• basic principle of the so called Quartz Crystal Microbalance 50
phase (deg)
Dedicated hardware for sensor
H2S
0
H2O 6 mm
Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications
-50 -100 -150 -200
0
500
1000
time (s)
1500
2000
Sub-surface hydrogen sulfide detection using custom GPR 1 1 F.
Minary, D. Rabus, G. Martin, J.-M. Friedt, Note: a dual-chip stroboscopic pulsed RADAR for probing passive sensors Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, p.096104 (2016)
5 / 14
Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications
Sandbox experiment Antenna radiation pattern characterization and interrogation range
J.-M Friedt & al. Cooperative target design Experimental demonstration Timebase stability issue Dedicated hardware for sensor
6 / 14
Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications
Returned signal with depth/position X
J.-M Friedt & al.
Timebase stability issue Dedicated hardware for sensor
Z
Left: returned signal as a function of depth Z ⇒ 1 m range 0
-150 35 cm 48 cm -200
61 cm
0.2
75 cm -250
-450
88 cm
echo 1
103 cm
time (us)
Experimental demonstration
returned signal (a.u)
Cooperative target design
Y
-300
-350
0.4 -500
echo 2
0.6
-400 -550
-450
-500
0.8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
time (us)
0.8
1
50
100
150
100
50
0
position (cm)
Right: returned signal as a function of position ⊥ to dipole axis (X) 7 / 14
Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications
Sandbox experiment
Y X
Z
J.-M Friedt & al. Cooperative target design
Returned echoes as a function of the position of the sensor along the pipe (Y), moving in a direction parallel to the length of the dipole. 103 cm
61 cm
Experimental demonstration
0
0
-480
-480
Dedicated hardware for sensor
0.4
0.2
-500
-500
0.4
-520
-540
0.6
time (us)
0.2
time (us)
Timebase stability issue
-520
-540
0.6 -560
-560
0.8
0.8
-580
-580
1
1
-600
-600
-620
-620
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
position (m)
2.5
3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
position (m)
61 cm in gravel 103 cm in gravel ◦ ⇒ 50 angular aperture along the dipole direction and 70◦ ⊥ to dipole axis. 8 / 14
Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications
Timebase stability issues Mal˚ a ProEx v.s homemade impulse GPR v.s iFFT(network analyzer) ? 5
27 pF Vishay NPO frequency synthesizer
J.-M Friedt & al.
4
Experimental demonstration Timebase stability issue Dedicated hardware for sensor
delay (ns)
Cooperative target design
3
2
1 std()=34 ps=1.6 K=320 ng/cm2 0 0
500
1000 time (s)
1500
2000
• Challenge of homemade GPR: avalanche transistor pulse generator
design • Challenge of network analyzer: time-gating for isolation
Targeted stability: 70 ppm/K for a delay difference of 0.3 µs requires 21 ps stability for 1 K resolution 9 / 14
Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications
Timebase stability issues Mal˚ a ProEx v.s homemade impulse GPR v.s iFFT(network analyzer) ? 5
J.-M Friedt & al.
4 Experimental demonstration Timebase stability issue Dedicated hardware for sensor
delay (ns)
Cooperative target design
3 2 std=100 ps std=213 ps
1 0 0
1000
2000 3000 4000 trace number (s)
5000
6000
• Challenge of homemade GPR: avalanche transistor pulse generator
design • Challenge of network analyzer: time-gating for isolation
Targeted stability: 70 ppm/K for a delay difference of 0.3 µs requires 21 ps stability for 1 K resolution 10 / 14
Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications
Timebase stability issues Mal˚ a ProEx v.s homemade impulse GPR v.s iFFT(network analyzer) ? 50
0.6 0.4 0.2
Dedicated hardware for sensor
freezing spray
std=21.6 ps
6
trig
C
5 4
30
3
antenna
0.8 delay (ns)
Timebase stability issue
freezing spray x2
collector voltage (V)
1.0
Cooperative target design
7
R
40
Experimental demonstration
8
High voltage (200 V) 1.2
J.-M Friedt & al.
20
2 1
10
0.0 0
-0.2 0
2000
4000 6000 trace number (s)
Temperature measurement
8000
-5
0
5
10
time (ns)
Avalanche transistor pulse
• Challenge of homemade GPR: avalanche transistor pulse generator
design • Challenge of network analyzer: time-gating for isolation
Targeted stability: 70 ppm/K for a delay difference of 0.3 µs requires 21 ps stability for 1 K resolution 11 / 14
Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications J.-M Friedt & al.
434 MHz resonator measurement in concrete Dedicated frequency stepped resonator measurement electronics for a dedicated temperature sensor.
Cooperative target design Experimental demonstration
45
40 Experimental setup 35 30 25
1.52 1.51 1.5 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45
10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25
0
0
0
2
2
2
4
4
4
6
6
6
8
8
8
time (hours)
10
10
10
12
12
12
14
14
14
emitted power (dBm) freq. difference (MHz) temperature (degC)
Dedicated hardware for sensor
emitted power (dBm) freq. difference (MHz) temperature (degC)
Timebase stability issue
200 150 100 50 0
1.5 1.45 1.4 1.35 1.3 1.25 1.2 1.15 1.1
5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
time (hours)
Curing Heating at 160◦ C 12 / 14 Assess penetration depth of a 400 MHz antenna Mal˚ a probing sensors ?
Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications J.-M Friedt & al. Cooperative target design Experimental demonstration Timebase stability issue Dedicated hardware for sensor
Conclusion • Development of passive cooperative target for wireless sensing in
civil engineering structures and buried environments (e.g. pipes). • Acoustic (≤2.4 GHz) and dielectric (10-24 GHz) resonator or relay
line demonstrated as cooperative targets for sensing applications • Systems approach: link budget from GPR emitter, to sub-surface
antenna, to transducer and back to receiver. But practical implementation remains to be demonstrated: • Practical implementation in a useful scenario ? impact of rebars ? • Use of commercial GPR, dedicated GPR or dedicated cooperative target reader ? • Impact of strong radiofrequency emission regulations in Japan ? A strong team of possible partners exists on both sides to achieve this goal (Pr. Hashimoto in Chiba 2 , Pr. Yamanaka 34 and Pr. Esashi 5 in Sendai, Pr. Kondoh in Shizuoka University). 2 www.te.chiba-u.jp/
~ken/
3 www.material.tohoku.ac.jp/
~hyoka/BallSAW-H2sensor2003IEEEus.pdf
4 www.tohoku.ac.jp/en/news/university_news/falling_walls_venture_
sendai_2017_1.html 5 J.H. Kuypers, L.M. Reindl, S. Tanaka S, M. Esashi, Maximum accuracy evaluation scheme for wireless saw delay-line sensors, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. 55(7):1640-52 (2008)
13 / 14
Acoustic wave transducers as Ground Penetrating RADAR cooperative targets for sensing applications
Conclusion • Development of passive cooperative target for wireless sensing in
civil engineering structures and buried environments (e.g. pipes).
J.-M Friedt & al.
• Acoustic (≤2.4 GHz) and dielectric (10-24 GHz) resonator or relay
Cooperative target design
line demonstrated as cooperative targets for sensing applications • Systems approach: link budget from GPR emitter, to sub-surface antenna, to transducer and back to receiver.
Experimental demonstration Timebase stability issue Dedicated hardware for sensor
But practical implementation remains to be demonstrated: • Practical implementation in a useful scenario ? impact of rebars ? • Use of commercial GPR, dedicated GPR or dedicated cooperative target reader ? • Impact of strong radiofrequency emission regulations in Japan ? A strong team of possible partners exists on both sides to achieve this goal (Pr. Hashimoto in Chiba , Pr. Yamanaka and Pr. Esashi in Sendai, Pr. Kondoh in Shizuoka University).
Manuscript: http://jmfriedt.free.fr/fr_jp_ws2017.pdf Slides: http://jmfriedt.free.fr/171005.pdf Additional informations: http://jmfriedt.free.fr/ 14 / 14
