/h/ “dropping”
Do French-speaking learners simply omit the English /h/? - Articulatory measures on glottal opening -
/h/ “dropping”
[h] • Faute courante : L.F. (locuteur francophone) tend à omettre fréquemment l'articulation de cette consonne. (Ostiguy et al. 1996)
KAMIYAMA Takeki1, 2, HONDA Kiyoshi1, MAEDA Shinji2, VAISSIÈRE Jacqueline1 1. Laboratoire de phonétique et phonologie (UMR 7018) CNRS / Paris III 2. LCAO, Paris Diderot 3. Télécom ParisTech ENST
[email protected]
• Observed also in some varieties in England (social connotation: stigmatising), West Indies (Wells 1982, among others)
… except in some cases: - hour, honour, herb (GA), … - a hotel ~ an hotel - Yes, I met him. 13/09/10 PAC Workshop 2010
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[h]: voiceless “glottal fricative”?
[h]: voiceless “glottal fricative”? [h]: voiceless “glottal fricative”?
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• Judging by its current place on the chart it appears to be a voiceless glottal fricative. But this is a misnomer, in that most forms of [h] have very little friction at the glottis. The vocal cords are apart and any turbulent airflow that there might be is due to what Pike (1943) calls "cavity friction" rather than local friction at a particular point. [h] has no more friction at the glottis than [f] or any other voiceless sound with a comparable airflow. […] [h] is best described as the voiceless approximant without any particular place of articulation. (Ladefoged 1990) KAMIYAMA et al. 13/09/10 PAC Workshop 2010 5
/h/ “dropping” and the glottal stop
• /h/: [+ spread glottis] (Halle & Stevens 1971)
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/h/ “dropping” and the glottal stop
/h/ “dropping” • The glottis (the vocal folds) must be open for [h] to be articulated. • Some French-speaking learners tend to produce a glottal stop (pronounced with the glottis closed) when [h] is not articulated (as native speakers of some varieties of English). 13/09/10 PAC Workshop 2010
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Corpus
/h/ “dropping” and the glottal stop: Research question • Do French-speaking learners of English produce a glottal stop systematically when they drop /h/? • Is the glottis open or closed?
• 1. Target words heed, had, hot, who’d, behind, ahead eat, add, odd sat, pool, top, keep
Experiment
• Carrier sentence “I say ____ eight times” presented with the word in it on a sheet of paper. 13/09/10 PAC Workshop 2010
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• The participants were asked to read the corpus printed on a sheet of paper.
• 2 female native speakers of French (from the northern half of France) and 2 female native speakers of (American) English.
• 2. Reading of the nursery rhyme “Humpty Dumpty”.
• Recording: - Astro-Med Dash8 - in a recording room - at 20.000 Hz
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall Humpty Dumpty had a great fall All the king’s horses and all the king’s men Couldn’t put Humpty together again 13/09/10 PAC Workshop 2010
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Larynx Glottal opening measurement
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Procedures
Participants
Corpus
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• Larynx contains a pair of vocal folds. • Vocal folds are wide apart for normal breathing and voiceless consonants. • The edges of the vocal folds are touching each other or almost touching: the vocal folds vibrate (Bernoulli effect) for voicing. • The opening between the two vocal folds: glottis.
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suite 13/09/10 PAC Workshop 2010
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Vocal folds
What is PGG?
Recorded data
Sawashima & Hirose (1981), In Vocal Fold Physiology
• Audio
Transillumination technique photodiode
• Glottal opening: ePGG
PGG signal
• Oral airflow k
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New development?: ePGG
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k
e:
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Example of ePGG + Airflow records
Very experimental ePGG + Airflow + Pio setup
Honda & Maeda
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e:
External lighting and sensing PGG (ePGG) The ePGG sensor detects transillumination from a high-power LED placed on the neck skin.
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Non-invasive method KAMIYAMA et al.
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oreo
k
e: k
e:
t
o i
u
Why is the first ePGG peak is much higher than the second one? 22
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Speaker fr1: “heed”
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Speaker fr1: “ahead”
Some preliminary results One French speaker
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Speaker fr1 ‘voiced h’ [!] ?
/h/
/Ø/
in comparison with the peak value for /s/ in the carrier sentence
Conclusion and prospects
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h
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N = 9
[!]?
["]
[w]
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Application to teaching
• Further data collection • Effect of the prosodic position • Comparison with h-dropping varieties of English (acoustic measures, at least) • Relation with h-epenthesis • Comparison with the phonetic realisations of the “h-aspiré” in French
• Native speaker(s) of French tend(s) to close their glottis when the English /h/ is “not pronounced”.
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Prospects
Conclusion
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[!]? [h]
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• Activities associating [h] with relaxing gestures, such as sigh, will help to relax and open the vocal folds, instead of making them tense (e.g. lifting a heavy object).
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References • • • • • •
•
Thank you for your hattention!
Halle, M., Stevens, K.N. (1971). A note on laryngeal features. MIT Quarterly Progress Report 101, 198–212. Honda, K., Maeda, S. (2009) “Glottal-opening and airflow pattern during production of voiceless fricatives: A new non-invasive instrumentation.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, Issue 5, pp. 3738. Ladefoged, P. (1990). Some Proposals Concerning Glottal Consonants. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20(2), 24-26. Ladefoged, P. (1971) Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics. Chicago: University of Chicago. Ostiguy, L., Sarrasin, R., Irons, G. (1996). Introduction à la phonétique comparée : les sons : le français et l'anglais nord-américains. Sainte-Foy: Les Presses de l'Universiteé Laval. Sawashima, M., Niimi, S. (1974) Laryngeal Conditions in Articulations of Japanese Voiceless Consonants. Annual Bulletin of the Research Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo 8 : 1318. Wells, J. C. (1982). Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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