Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems

Regression, Pure Greedy Algorithm, OMP, Basis Poursuit ...... Models for the Sources,” in: Independent Component Analysis and Signal Separation. (ICA 2007) ...
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Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems Ali Mohammad-Djafari Laboratoire des Signaux et Syst`emes, UMR8506 CNRS-SUPELEC-UNIV PARIS SUD 11 SUPELEC, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France http://lss.supelec.free.fr Email: [email protected] http://djafari.free.fr Seminar at Sharif University, EECS Dep. December 16, 2014 A. Mohammad-Djafari, Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems, Sharif University, December 16, 2014, 1/71

Contents Sparse signals and images First ideas for using sparsity in signal processing Modeling for sparse representation Bayesian Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) approach and link with Deterministic Regularization 5. Priors which enforce sparsity 1. 2. 3. 4.

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Heavy tailed: Double Exponential, Generalized Gaussian, ... Mixture models: Mixture of Gaussians, Student-t, ... Hierarchical models with hidden variables General Gauss-Markov-Potts models

6. Computational tools: Joint Maximum A Posteriori (JMAP), MCMC and Variational Bayesian Approximation (VBA) 7. Applications in Inverse Problems: X ray Computed Tomography, Microwave and Ultrasound imaging, Sattelite and Hyperspectral image processing, Spectrometry, CMB, ... A. Mohammad-Djafari, Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems, Sharif University, December 16, 2014, 2/71

1. Sparse signals and images ◮

Sparse signals: Direct sparsity 3

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A. Mohammad-Djafari, Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems, Sharif University, December 16, 2014, 3/71

Sparse signals and images ◮

Sparse signals in a Transform domain 1

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A. Mohammad-Djafari, Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems, Sharif University, December 16, 2014, 4/71

Sparse signals and images ◮

Sparse signals in Fourier domain Time domain

Fourier domain

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A. Mohammad-Djafari, Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems, Sharif University, December 16, 2014, 5/71

Sparse signals and images ◮

Sparse signals: Sparsity in a Transform domaine

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A. Mohammad-Djafari, Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems, Sharif University, December 16, 2014, 6/71

Sparse signals and images

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A. Mohammad-Djafari, Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems, Sharif University, December 16, 2014, 7/71

Sparse signals and images (Fourier and Wavelets domain)

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A. Mohammad-Djafari, Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems, Sharif University, December 16, 2014, 8/71

2. First ideas: some history ◮



1948: Shannon: Sampling theorem and reconstruction of a band limited signal 1993-2007: ◮

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Mallat, Zhang, Cand`es, Romberg, Tao and Baraniuk: Non linear sampling, Compression and reconstruction, Fuch: Sparse representation Donoho, Elad, Tibshirani, Tropp, Duarte, Laska: Compressive Sampling, Compressive Sensing

2007-2012: Algorithms for sparse representation and compressive Sampling: Matching Pursuit (MP), Projection Pursuit Regression, Pure Greedy Algorithm, OMP, Basis Poursuit (BP), Dantzig Selector (DS), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Iterative Hard Thresholding... 2003-2012: Bayesian approach to sparse modeling Tipping, Bishop: Sparse Bayesian Learning, Relevance Vector Machine (RVM), ...

A. Mohammad-Djafari, Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems, Sharif University, December 16, 2014, 9/71

3. Modeling and representation Modeling via a basis (codebook, overcomplete dictionnary, Design Matrix)



g(t) =

N X

f j φj (t), t = 1, · · · , T −→ g = Φ′ f

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A. Mohammad-Djafari, Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems, Sharif University, December 16, 2014, 10/71

3. Modeling and representation ◮

Modeling via a basis (codebook, overcomplete dictionnary, Design Matrix) g(t) =

N X

f j φj (t), t = 1, · · · , T −→ g = Φ′ f

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When T ≥ N

2    N T X X b f j = arg min g(t) − f j φj (t) −→ fj   t=1 j=1  b = arg min kg − Φ′ f k2 = [ΦΦ′ ]−1 Φg f f





b = Φg When orthogonal basis: ΦΦ′ = I −→ f fbj =

N X

g(t) φj (t) =< g(t), φj (t) >

t=1

Application in Compression, Transmission and Decompression

A. Mohammad-Djafari, Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems, Sharif University, December 16, 2014, 11/71

Modeling and representation ◮

When overcomplete basis N > T : Infinite number of solutions for Φ′ f = g. We have to select one:  b = arg min f kf k22 ′ f : Φ f =g

or writing differently:

minimize kf k22 subject to Φ′ f = g resulting to: ◮ ◮ ◮

b = Φ[Φ′ Φ]−1 g f Again if Φ′ Φ = I −→ fb = Φg. No real interest if we have to keep all the N coefficients: Sparsity: minimize kf k0 subject to Φ′ f = g or minimize kf k1 subject to Φ′ f = g

A. Mohammad-Djafari, Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems, Sharif University, December 16, 2014, 12/71

Sparse decomposition ◮

Strict sparsity and exact reconstruction minimize kf k0 subject to Φ′ f = g kf k0 is the number of non-zero elements of f ◮ ◮ ◮ ◮ ◮



Matching Pursuit (MP) [Mallat & Zhang, 1993] Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) [Lin, Huang et al., 1993] Projection Pursuit Regression Greedy Algorithms Iterative Hard Thresholding (IHT) [Marvasti et al]

Sparsity enforcing and exact reconstruction minimize kf k1 subject to Φ′ f = g ◮ ◮

Basis Pursuit (BP) Block Coordinate Relaxation

A. Mohammad-Djafari, Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems, Sharif University, December 16, 2014, 13/71

Sparse decomposition ◮

Strict sparsity and approximate reconstruction

minimize kf k0 subject to kg − Φ′ f k2 < c   b = arg min kf k0 + µkg − Φ′ f k2 = arg min kg − Φ′ f k2 + λkf k0 f f



f

Sparsity enforcing and approximate reconstruction  b = arg min kg − Φ′ f k2 + λkf k1 f f

J(f ) = kg − Φ′ f k2 + λkf k1 = kg − Φ′ f k2 + λ

X

|f j |

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Main Algorithm: LASSO [Tibshirani 2003] minimize kg − Φ′ f k2 subject to kf k1 < τ

A. Mohammad-Djafari, Bayesian sparsity enforcing methods for general inverse problems, Sharif University, December 16, 2014, 14/71

Sparse Decomposition Algorithms ◮

LASSO: J(f ) = kg − Φ′ f k2 + λ

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Other Criteria ◮

Lp J(f ) = kg − Φ′ f k2 + λ1

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1