APPENDIX - Fishermen answers to the questionnaire - Global statistics of the European fishing fleet in 2000 - Graphic Representations of the Multivariate Analysis for each Studied Theme - General respondents' fleet characteristics according localisation and technical criteria
A. General characteristics of the 1657 respondents: A0. What region or country do you live in : (See charts in Report and Appendix) A1. Are you :
fishing boat owner: 80%
skipper: 70%
crew-member: 10%
A2. Are you involved in the management of :
one fishing boat: 86%
or more than one: 14%
A3. What are the technical characteristics of your current or most recent fishing boat : Overall Length: Power: Year of purchase: Age:
< 12 meters: 43% < = 90 kW: 34% < 5 years: 31% < 10 years: 22%
12 – 16 meters: 19% 90 – 250 kW: 32% 5 – 10 years: 18% 10 – 19 years: 32%
> 16 meters: 38% > 250 kW: 33%
10 – 20 years: 29% 20 – 29 years: 25%
> 20 years: 22% > = 30 years: 22%
A4. What are the main fishing gears on this boat : Pelagic Trawl Demersal Trawl Surface Nets Bottom Nets
9% 32% 7% 38%
Day seine Night Seine Long line Hand/Pole line
10% 9% 27% 13%
Dredge Trap/Pot Other
10% 20% 15%
A5. Do you fish : - Closed to the coast (0 to 3 miles) 46% - Off-shore (12 to 200 miles) 33%
- Inshore zone (3 to 12 miles) - Beyond of 200 miles
57% 4%
A6. Do you have other sources of income Yes 12% / No 88% A7. How old are you : Age: < = 35 years: 18%
36 – 45 years: 32%
46 – 55 years: 31%
> 55 years: 20%
B : Global State of Fisheries and Marine Ecosystems B1. What does the sea represent for you (rank 1, 2, 3, 4 from the most important to the less important) : - An inexhaustible source of food - A place of freedom and dream - A place to work and make a living from - A place of danger and a hard life
“4” “3” “1” “2”
Non answer : 29% 26% 2% 18%
Among the following opinions, with which would you agree more: Non answer
B2. In your opinion, the fishing industry is :
- Experiencing problems - Coping - Doing well
66% 28% 5%
0,4%
B3. In your opinion, fish resources are :
- In good condition - Fluctuating naturally - Overexploited
5% 30% 65%
1,3%
B4. In your opinion, marine ecosystems are :
- In danger of irreversible destruction - Disturbed by human action - Still robust and regenerating
20% 68% 12%
2,4%
B5. In your opinion, do some species like dolphins, whales, sharks, turtles deserve :
- Special rights - Some interest - No special consideration
33% 47% 20%
1,7%
C : The Problems in Fisheries and their Causes Difficulties in fisheries have many different causes. Among the following propositions, please indicate to what extent you consider them as “not a problem” (1), “a minor problem” (2), “a serious problem” (3) or “a very serious problem” (4). (Leave blank if you don't have any opinion). C1 : The sources of marine ecosystems degradation :
Not a
n-a problem
Minor
Serious
Big problem
Urban and industrial pollution
4%
7%
15%
41%
37%
Massive tourism development
7%
35%
38%
19%
8%
Damaging fishing practices of some fishermen
4%
5%
18%
40%
37%
Climatic changes
8%
17%
33%
33%
17%
The spread of aquaculture
8%
32%
30%
23%
14%
Minor
Serious
Big problem
C2. The sources of fish stock depletion :
Not a
n-a problem
Technological progress
5%
14%
26%
39%
21%
Selfish attitudes of fishermen
5%
11%
26%
40%
22%
Insufficient knowledge among fishermen
8%
27%
32%
28%
12%
Lack of Knowledge among scientists
7%
11%
24%
40%
25%
Insufficient control and enforcement
5%
14%
23%
31%
31%
Too many fishermen
5%
35%
28%
20%
17%
Minor
Serious
Big problem
C3. The causes of the fishing industry difficulties :
Not a
n-a problem
Poor organisation of marketing
7%
17%
25%
34%
23%
Fishermen are not sufficiently business minded
7%
22%
35%
30%
13%
Lack of concern for the quality of fish
7%
28%
30%
29%
13%
Lack of training and education
9%
27%
32%
27%
14%
Too many regulations and taxes
4%
5%
14%
30%
51%
The low return from fishing
5%
6%
15%
37%
42%
Not a problem
Minor
Serious
Big problem
5%
11%
19%
39%
31%
Individualism of fishermen
7%
13%
30%
37%
19%
Unfairness of control
6%
10%
18%
36%
36%
Low risk of being caught
9%
24%
29%
27%
20%
Minor
Serious
Big problem
C4. The main cause of non-cooperation or poor n-a compliance among some fishermen: Too many loans to pay back
C5. The sources of problems in fishing communities :
Not a
n-a problem
Difficulty to recruit young people to fishing
3%
6%
9%
33%
51%
Disappearance of local fishing culture
5%
8%
15%
43%
34%
Disappearance of solidarity among fishermen
5%
13%
24%
39%
24%
Decrease in the pride of being a fisherman
4%
23%
23%
28%
25%
D: How to Manage Fisheries or Protect the Sea Various measures can be implemented to manage fisheries or to protect the sea. For you, are the following measures “very good”(1), “good” (2), “bad” (3) or “very bad” (4). (Leave blank if you don't have any opinion).
n-a
Very Good
Good
Bad
Very Bad
TACs and quotas
14%
15%
42%
28%
15%
Licences and fishing permits
8%
17%
46%
23%
14%
4%
25%
48%
16%
11%
Fishing time (seasons, days at sea, etc…)
7%
23%
39%
21%
17%
Restricted access to fishing areas (closed areas, limited access)
8%
23%
39%
23%
15%
Access fees, levies or taxes
14%
3%
13%
36%
48%
n-a
Very Good
Good
Bad
Very Bad
in terms of economic efficiency
19%
13%
34%
29%
25%
in terms of moral acceptability
22%
7%
29%
32%
32%
n-a
Very Good
Good
Bad
Very Bad
Ban harmful gears only
5%
51%
34%
10%
6%
Set up marine parks or reserves with restrictions on fishing
8%
23%
45%
22%
11%
Scientific management of ecosystems
9%
24%
50%
17%
9%
Increase ecological education and awareness
8%
36%
54%
6%
4%
D4. What are the best ways to protect fish species ?
n-a
Very Good
Good
Bad
Very Bad
Leave them under the responsibility of local fishermen
5%
24%
35%
27%
14%
Leave the young fish of commercial species in the sea
5%
57%
33%
8%
2%
Ban fishing of species important for the ecosystem
10%
32%
39%
23%
6%
43%
37%
15%
5%
Very Good
Good
Bad
Very Bad
D1. How do you regard the following instruments ?
Technical measures (mesh size, length of net, engine power, etc.)
D2. How do you perceive the trading of fishing rights (ITQs, tradable licences or days at sea, …) :
D3. What are the best ways to protect marine ecosystems?
Declare a total moratorium when there is a risk of extinction 7% D5. What is the best thing to do when we are not sure about the risks or consequences ?
n-a
Continue and ignore the risks
7%
1%
4%
45%
49%
Continue and do more research at the same time
4%
24%
58%
14%
3%
Stop until we know more
9%
14%
36%
34%
16%
E: Fishermen, fishing communities and fisheries management Management requires that organisations are set up and decisions taken and implemented. How do you see the importance of the following. Please, tick « very important » (1), « important » (2) , « less important » (3) or « not important » (4). (Leave blank if you don't have any opinion). E1. To influence the management of marine resources, fishermen should have :
Very
Less
Not 3%
n-a important Important important important
Organisations including all fishermen
4%
61%
31%
6%
Organisations by type of gear used
5%
37%
41%
16%
6%
Organisations by type of species targeted
9%
21%
36%
28%
14%
Representation on committees making decisions
5%
65%
27%
4%
4%
Strong alliances with political parties
6%
20%
20%
21%
39%
Less
Not
E2. What kind of support is important ?
Very
n-a important Important important important
Financial support to fishermen organisations
4%
46%
36%
11%
7%
Public subsidies to the fishing industry
5%
40%
35%
15%
10%
Education and training for fishermen and fish-workers
4%
49%
40%
8%
4%
Support from the public
5%
43%
38%
15%
5%
Less
Not
E3. What kind of solidarity is important for fishermen?
Very
n-a important Important important important
Solidarity with the local community
5%
49%
40%
10%
2%
Solidarity with other fishermen
3%
63%
33%
3%
0%
Solidarity within the fishing industry
4%
59%
33%
7%
1%
Less
Not
E4. Is it important for fishermen to solve the following problems among themselves ?
Very
n-a important Important important important
Fleet over-capacity
7%
44%
38%
11%
7%
Monitoring and enforcement of regulations
5%
48%
40%
8%
5%
Imbalance between catches and market opportunities
8%
48%
42%
8%
2%
Gear conflict on the fishing grounds
5%
47%
37%
11%
5%
Catching of juvenile fish
5%
61%
29%
5%
4%
Disturbing the balance of ecosystems
9%
44%
41%
11%
4%
Less
Not
32%
21%
E5. Which of the following groups is important in the management of fisheries ? Environmental NGOs
Very
n-a important Important important important 9%
12%
35%
Fishermen's organisations
3%
63%
33%
3%
1%
Politicians and administrations
7%
19%
33%
28%
20%
Fishing communities
5%
47%
42%
9%
2%
Scientists
4%
33%
47%
14%
6%
Global statistics of the European fishing fleet in 2000 (Eurostat)
Total Number of Fishing Vessels and related Power for EU-15 and EEA Year 2000 – Eurostat Total Number Class Countries EU-15 (meters) Belgium Germany Unknown 18 496 0 - 11.9 63 007 1 868 12 -17.9 7 241 10 269 18 & plus 7 223 117 177 Total 95 967 127 2 314 Class Countries EU-15 (meters) 100% Unknown 83% 0 - 11.9 86% 12 -17.9 86% 18 & plus Total 86%
Belgium 0,1% 1,4% 0,1%
Germany 2,5% 3,2% 2,1% 2,1%
Total Power Class Countries EU-15 (meters) Belgium Germany Unknown 1 086 448 0 - 11.9 1 979 102 34 016 12 -17.9 1 083 358 2 278 43 958 18 & plus 3 507 978 61 077 89 223 Total 7 656 886 63 355 167 197 Class Countries EU-15 (meters) 100% Unknown 68% 0 - 11.9 74% 12 -17.9 68% 18 & plus Total 72%
Belgium 0,2% 1,2% 0,6%
Germany 1,2% 3,0% 1,7% 1,6%
DK 2 3 088 650 420 4 160
Spain 12 582 1 890 2 204 16 676
France 6 384 946 843 8 173
Fl 3 3 466 146 74 3 689
GR 1 18 436 743 550 19 730
DK 0,01% 4,1% 7,7% 5,0% 3,7%
Spain 16,6% 22,4% 26,3% 15,0%
France 8,4% 11,2% 10,1% 7,4%
Fl 0,02% 4,6% 1,7% 0,9% 3,3%
GR 0,01% 24,4% 8,8% 6,6% 17,8%
DK
Spain
France
Fl
GR
93 82 597 98 088 192 259 373 037
206 131 218 080 908 957 1 333 168
450 030 204 804 452 044 1 106 878
Spain 7,1% 14,9% 17,5% 12,5%
France 15,5% 14,0% 8,7% 10,4%
DK 0,01% 2,8% 6,7% 3,7% 3,5%
177 138 267 28 105 32 314 198 863
Fl 0,02% 4,8% 1,9% 0,6% 1,9%
36 369 514 83 044 166 876 619 470
GR 0,00% 12,7% 5,7% 3,2% 5,8%
Italy 12 507 3 736 1 024 397 17 664
Ireland 478 434 86 195 1 193
NL 332 139 604 1 075
NL 0,4% 1,6% 7,2% 1,0%
Portugal 5 503 4 391 438 479 10 811
SW
Portugal 29,7% 5,8% 5,2% 5,7% 9,7%
SW 1,9% 2,3% 2,0% 1,7%
UK 0,01% 9,0% 8,3% 11,9% 7,7%
ICD 0,3% 1,9% 1,6% 4,4% 1,8%
Norway 14,8% 12,7% 9,4% 11,7%
SW
1 473 198 167 1 838
UK 2 6 817 702 996 8 517
ICD 52 1 447 132 366 1 997
Norway 11 153 1 077 784 13 014
Italy 67,4% 4,9% 12,1% 4,7% 15,9%
Ireland 2,6% 0,6% 1,0% 2,3% 1,1%
Italy 984 269 132 881 167 530 140 484 1 425 164
Ireland 45 946 17 229 12 643 118 137 193 955
Portugal 54 019 82 972 50 770 210 575 398 336
76 473 38 204 108 710 223 387
UK 1 908 378 455 119 488 550 355 1 050 206
ICD 1 409 140 087 24 268 362 947 528 711
Norway
10 537 16 366 476 967 503 870
Italy 90,5% 4,6% 11,5% 2,7% 13,4%
Ireland 4,2% 0,6% 0,9% 2,3% 1,8%
NL 0,4% 1,1% 9,2% 4,7%
Portugal 5,0% 2,9% 3,5% 4,1% 3,7%
SW 2,6% 2,6% 2,1% 2,1%
UK 0,18% 13,1% 8,2% 10,6% 9,9%
ICD 0,1% 4,8% 1,7% 7,0% 5,0%
Norway 26,9% 24,1% 25,3% 23,0%
NL
780 601 352 110 1 310 434 2 443 145
EEA 18 548 75 607 8 450 8 373 110 978
EEA 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
EEA 1 087 857 2 899 790 1 459 736 5 181 359 10 628 742
EEA 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Graphic Representations of the Multivariate Analysis for each Studied Theme
Theme B: "Sea representation and global statement of marine ecosystems, fisheries and resources". Projection of variable on the first factorial plans. Active Variables: Symbol size is proportional to their contribution to factors.
Illustrative variables: Maritime spaces (7 class), Countries and applied gears (10 class)
Typology in 7 groups (class) from theme B questions: The optimal partition is in 7 class as following.
Theme C: "The problems in fisheries and their causes ". Projection of variable on the first factorial plans. Active Variables: Symbol size is proportional to their contribution to factors.
Illustrative variables: Maritime spaces (7 class), Countries and applied gears (10 class)
Typology in 5 groups (class) from theme C questions: The optimal partition is in 5 class as following.
Theme D: "How manage fisheries and protect the sea". Projection of variable on the first factorial plans. Active Variables: Symbol size is proportional to their contribution to factors.
Illustrative variables: Maritime spaces (7 class), Countries and applied gears (10 class)
Typology in 8 groups (class) from theme D questions: The optimal partition is in 8 class as following.
Theme E: "Fishermen, fishing communities and fisheries management". Projection of variable on the first factorial plans. Active Variables: Symbol size is proportional to their contribution to factors.
Illustrative variables: Maritime spaces (7 class), Countries and applied gears (10 class)
Typology in 7 groups (class) from theme E questions: The optimal partition is in 7 class as following.
General respondents' fleet characteristics according localisation and technical criteria
4 Maritime Spaces: - Northern Sea - Atlantic
- Channel - Mediterranean Sea
Respondents per Maritime Spaces 700
573
600
570
500
379
400 300 200
133
100 0
Mediterranean Sea
Atlantic
Channel
Northern Sea
573
570
133
379
Respondents
Respondents Distribution among Maritime Spaces Mediterranean Sea 35%
Atlantic 34%
Northern Sea 23%
Channel 8%
Western Atlantic
Large Northern Sea > 16 m 40% > 16 m 42%
< 12 m 40%
< 12 m 41% 12 to 16 m 19%
12 to 16 m 18%
Channel
> 16 m 32%
< 12 m 36%
12 to 16 m 32%
Mediterranean Sea
> 16 m 37%
12 to 16 m 14%
< 12 m 49%
7 Maritime Fronts: - Northern Atlantic - North Sea - Channel - Bay of Biscay/Irish Sea - Atlantic Iberian Peninsula - Western Mediterranean - Eastern Mediterranean
Respondents per Maritime Fronts 350 300
331
318 255
239
250
209
200
170 133
150 100 50 0 Eastern Western Mediterranean Mediterranean Respondents
255
318
Atlantic Iberian Peninsula
Bay of Biscay Irish Sea
Chanel
Northern Sea
Northern Atlantic
239
331
133
170
209
Respondents Distribution among Maritime Fronts
Northern Atlantic 13%
Eastern Mediterranean 15%
Northern Sea 10%
Western Mediterranean 19%
Chanel 8% Bay of Biscay - Irish Sea 21%
Atlantic Iberian Peninsula 14%
More than 16 m 12 m to 16 m Less than 12 m
Iceland (77)
Norw ay (138) 31%
43%
45%
49%
20%
12%
UK (227)
Ireland (35) 38%
38%
6% 85%
9%
24%
T he Netherlands (27)
France (320) 31% 46%
4%
96%
23%
Portugal (114) 41%
47%
Spain (287) 37%
40%
12%
23%
G reece (181)
Italy (206) > 12 m 42%
< 12 m 58%
> 12 m 53%
< 12 m 47%
Gears used among respondents 100% 90% 80% 70% 60%
92%
50% 40%
73% 90%
93%
91%
87%
90%
79%
85%
NO YES
13%
10%
21%
in e La m ap ar o Lo ng H li n an e d /P ol e lin e D re dg e Tr ap /P ot
9%
Se
et s
to m
N Bo t
ce rfa
Su
D ay
et
w ra lT sa
er
D
em
s
l
l w Tr a la gi c
27% 10%
7%
15%
er
8%
N
10% 0%
th
39%
31%
O
30% 20%
Pe
61%
69%
A priori technical typology Other Gears 3% Polyvalents non Trawlers 32%
Pelagic Trawlers 2%
Bottom Trawlers 15%
Polyvalent Trawler and Dredgers 22%
Trap/Pot 3% Hand/Pole Line 2%
Sennes 8% Long Liners 3%
Bottom Nets 10%
1-
N o W rth e s er n 3 t co N 4- -Sk as orw W ag t N ay es e ra orw t 5- coa k (S ay O st o st er De uth so n m ) en a (B r k a 6- ltic Ic ) e 7 la 8- -We nd C ha s t U nn K e 9- l U Ea K s 13 1 10- t U -C 1-N Ire K ha e la nn the nd el r /N lan 15 -M 14- o r t h d 16 e At F -B dite lan R as rr tic qu an F e ea R co n 17 unt FR 1 - ry 19 8- Gal SP -M An ici a 20 ed dalu S -N ite si P r a 21 ort ran S -L e/C ea P is bo ent n S P r a v o 22 Te PO 23 -A jo R -S lg P a O i 24 cilia rve R -T /S P yr ar O r d R 25 hen eg n n 26 Ad ian a -N r i a S ti o e 27 rthe c/Io a -C rn nia 28 e n -S ntr Gre ou al ec th Gr e er ee n G ce re ec e 2-
Respondents' Fleet technical typology
The bottom trawler fisheries 21%
100
60
40
20
0 7
Industrial trawlers and seiners fisheries 4%
Deep-sea seiner of Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea The Northern Sea 11% fisheries 8%
140
120
89 93
80
42 26 16 102
78
32 34
The Mediterranean coastal fisheries 20% The Western Atlantic coastal fisheries 17%
Dredgers and trawlers of the Channel 8% The Northern Atlantic coastal fisheries 11%
Respondents per regions
133 125
101 86 100
27 0 94
78 74
62 36 84 70
38
0 27