CURSOR BUTTON

ON/OFF SWITCH

B Push ON

NRST

KLN 35A

89.6nm ∂∆ KOSH 105kt > ««««∑∏π«««« ∫ >Leg DTK343° TK344° NAV 1 >345°To 0:51

CRSR

GPS APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH MSG

D

CLR

Pull SCAN

ENT

RIGHT INNER KNOB MESSAGE BUTTON DIRECT-TO BUTTON

ENTER BUTTON CLEAR BUTTON

Figure 3-1 KLN 35A Controls

RIGHT OUTER KNOB

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NEAREST BUTTON

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3. BASIC GPS OPERATION 3.1. COVERAGE AREA The KLN 35A was designed to provide worldwide navigation coverage from North 74° latitude to South 60° Latitude (figure 3-2). Outside this area, magnetic variation must be manually entered as discussed in section 4.6, “Operation Outside the Primary Coverage Area”. See section 2.2 for the data base geographical regions.

Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3

Figure 3-2 KLN 35A Navigation Coverage Area

3.2. TURN-ON AND SELF TEST Well, it’s time to get down to business and actually use the KLN 35A! Figure 3-1 can be folded out and used as a reference during the following procedures. This is especially handy if you’re learning while away from your GPS. The steps below take a lot of words to explain, but before you know it, you will be “flying” through them.

NOTE: When power is applied to the KLN 35A it always “wakes up” in the En route-Leg mode. Only the En route-Leg mode is described in this chapter. In this mode the KLN 35A performs great circle navigation (the shortest distance between two points located on the earth’s surface). The course deviation output displayed on the unit’s internal course deviation indicator (CDI) and provided to an external horizontal situation indicator (HSI) or CDI is five nautical miles (full scale sensitivity) left and right. The other mode is En route-OBS and is described in section 4.5.3.

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Basic GPS Operation To turn on and initialize the KLN 35A: 1. Turn on the KLN 35A by pushing in the power switch. The Turn-On page (figure 3-3) will be displayed for a few seconds. During this time, the KLN 35A performs an extensive internal test. The operational revision status (ORS) level number in the upper right corner of the display should match the ORS level indicated on the cover of this Pilot’s Guide .

Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3

When the internal test is complete, the Turn-On page will automatically be replaced by the Self Test page (figure 3-4).

NOTE: If the KLN 35A is operating in the Take-Home Mode, the TakeHome Warning Page (figure 3-5) is displayed first and must be acknowledged by pressing F. See section 4.7 for more information on the Take-Home mode.

KLN 35A GPS ORS 01 Self-Test in Progress ©1995 AlliedSignal Avionics, Inc. APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-3

««««“‘”«««« ∫ Baro: 29.92" Altitude 1138ft ANNUN ON Pass Ok? APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-4 WARNING System in Take-home Mode: DO NOT USE FOR NAVIGATION Ok? APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-5

2. Verify that the data displayed on the Self Test page is the same as is being displayed on the appropriate indicator (if any) in the aircraft which is interfaced to the KLN 35A. If the KLN 35A is not connected to any other equipment in the aircraft, you may skip to step 3. If the KLN 35A is interfaced with a NAV indicator such as an HSI or a course deviation indicator (CDI), the deviation bar (D-bar) should be indicating a half scale deviation to the right. The TO/FROM indicator should be showing FROM. If any of the above checks fail, do not use the associated indicator with the KLN 35A. 3. If the KLN 35A has passed the internal self test, the bottom of the Self Test page will display Pass and all external annunciators should be illuminated. If instead, Fail is displayed, recycle power to the KLN 35A. If the Self Test page still displays Fail, the KLN 35A requires repair and should not be used for navigation.

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4. When you are ready to approve the Self-test page, press the F button while the Ok? is flashing. If it happens not to be flashing, press the B button and use the right outer knob to move the cursor there.

If the date is incorrect, rotate the right outer knob counterclockwise until the cursor is over the entire date field (figure 3-7). Rotate the right inner knob until the correct day of the month is displayed (figure 3-8). Then, move the cursor to the month field by rotating the outer knob one click clockwise and change the month as necessary. Use the same methods to select the correct year (figure 3-9). When the date is correct, press F.

20 DEC 95 1415 UTC WPT: Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-7 07 --- -1415 UTC WPT: Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-8 07 JAN 96 1415 UTC WPT: Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm

6. Verify that the time displayed in the upper right corner of the APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Initialization page is correct to Figure 3-9 within ten minutes of the actual time. Remember, once the KLN 35A receives the first satellite, it will automatically be very accurately updated by the satellite to the correct time. However, you are responsible for assuring the

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5. The next page displayed will be DEC 95 1415 UTC the Initialization page (figure 3-6). 20 WPT: Ref KIXD 330°Fr Verify that the date displayed in N 38°49.91' the top left corner of the W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm Initialization page is correct. The APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH KLN 35A has an internal battery Figure 3-6 powered calendar/clock, so the date and time normally don’t require setting. The battery has a life of approximately 3 years. In addition, the KLN 35A’s system date and time are automatically updated very precisely when at least one satellite is being received. However, if for some reason the date or time are incorrect, it is necessary to enter the correct date or time so that the KLN 35A can reach the navigation mode. The date must be correct and the time must be correct within ten minutes so that the KLN 35A will start looking for the correct satellites.

Basic GPS Operation desired time zone is selected on the KLN 35A. If it is necessary to reset the time, position the cursor over the time zone field (figure 3-10) and select the desired time zone (figure 3-11).

07 JAN 96 1415 UTC WPT: Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-10 07 JAN 96 0615 EST WPT: Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

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Figure 3-11 The following are the time zones which the KLN 35A is capable of displaying: UTC Coordinated Universal Time (Zulu) GST Greenland Standard Time (UTC - 3) GDT Greenland Daylight Time (UTC - 2) ATS Atlantic Standard Time (UTC - 4) ATD Atlantic Daylight Time (UTC - 3) EST Eastern Standard Time (UTC - 5) EDT Eastern Daylight Time (UTC - 4) CST Central Standard Time (UTC - 6) CDT Central Daylight Time (UTC - 5) MST Mountain Standard Time (UTC - 7) MDT Mountain Daylight Time (UTC - 6) PST Pacific Standard Time (UTC - 8) PDT Pacific Daylight Time (UTC - 7) AKS Alaska Standard Time (UTC - 9) AKD Alaska Daylight Time (UTC - 8) HAS Hawaii Standard Time (UTC - 10) HAD Hawaii Daylight Time (UTC - 9) SST Samoa Standard Time (UTC - 11) SDT Samoa Daylight Time (UTC - 10) LCL Local Time Zone (user-defined) You will be able to change the time zone any time you desire on several other pages, so don’t worry if you’re not sure which time zone to choose. UTC—Coordinated Universal Time (also called “Zulu”) is always a safe choice.

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The local time zone (LCL) is selected on the SET 2 page, and is defined to be a certain time offset from Zulu (UTC).

7. To aid the GPS receiver in acquiring your position, it is vital that it have a reasonable idea of where you are, and the Initialization page is where you have the chance to set this initial position. Check to see if the displayed initial position is where you actually are. This latitude/longitude is the last known position before the power was shut down the last time. Unless the unit has been moved since its last use, this position should be correct. On the right side of the screen will be the identifier of the nearest airport in the data base, with a radial and distance from that airport. If you need to change the initial position to—let’s say—John F. Kennedy International (KJFK), move the cursor to the WPT: field and use the right inner knob to JAN 96 1430 EST select a K as the first character of 07 WPT: K Ref KIXD the identifier (figure 3-14). Move N 38°49.91' 330°Fr the cursor to the right one char- W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm acter and select a J and then APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH right again to select an F. The Figure 3-14 final K should be filled in by the data base (figure 3-15). When 07 JAN 96 1430 EST Ref KIXD you press F, the latitude and WPT: KJFK 38°49.91' 330°Fr longitude fields will change to N W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-15

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Once you have selected the desired time zone, position the cursor over the entire time field and select the correct hour with the right inner knob (figure 3-12). Since 24 hour time is used, be 07 JAN 96 14-- EST sure to add 12 if the time is after WPT: Ref KIXD 330°Fr 1:00 P.M. (2:30 P.M. becomes N 38°49.91' W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm 1430). Now move the cursor to the tens of minutes position and APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-12 select the desired value, and repeat this process for the last digit of the time field. When the correct time has been entered 07 JAN 96 1430 EST Ref KIXD (figure 3-13), press F to start WPT: N 38°49.91' 330°Fr the clock running. Don’t worry W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm that you can’t update the APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH seconds. The KLN 35A system Figure 3-13 time will automatically be corrected very precisely once a satellite is received.

Basic GPS Operation those of KJFK (figure 3-16). If necessary, the latitude and longitude may be entered manually. 8. When all information on the Initialization page is correct, move the cursor to Ok? and press F to move on.

07 JAN 96 1430 EST WPT: KJFK Ref KJFK N 40°38.41' ---°Fr W 73°46.67' Ok? 0.0nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-16

Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3

9. The VFR page will be displayed to notify you that the GPS is for VFR use only. 10. The Data Base page will now be displayed with the cursor over Acknowledge?. Line 1 indicates whether an Americas, Atlantic, or Pacific data base is being used. If the data base is current, line 3 will show the date when the AMERICAS data base expires (figure 3-17). Data Base Expires If, on the other hand, the data 12 OCT 1996 Acknowledge? base is out of date, line 3 shows APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH the date that it expired (figure 3-18). The KLN 35A will Figure 3-17 still function with an out of date data base; however, you must ATLANTIC INTL Data Base Expired exercise extreme caution and 12 OCT 1996 always verify that the data base Acknowledge? information is correct before using APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH information from an out-of-date Figure 3-18 data base. Press F to acknowledge the information on the Data Base page. WARNING: The accuracy of the data base information is assured only if the data base is current. Operators using an outof-date data base do so entirely at their own risk. A waypoint page for the waypoint which was active when the KLN 35A was last turned off will be displayed on the screen. If the last active waypoint was an airport, the APT 4 page showing the airport’s communications frequencies will be displayed (figure 3-19). We thought åå.ånm KORL ATIS* 127.25 you’d like that! Almost always, the åååååå >Leg CLR * 128.45 121.40 waypoint which was active when you APT+4 GRND* last turned the KLN 35A off is the air- APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH port where you landed. Therefore, Figure 3-19 when you get ready to depart, the airport communication frequencies for that airport will automatically be displayed for you!

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Next, you’ll probably want to check the NAV 2 page to see your present position. Use the right outer knob to select the NAV page type and then the right inner knob, if necessary, to select the NAV 2 page. It >Present Posn is quite likely that the present position --.-nm -----will be dashed at first (figure 3-20). It >Leg Ref: -------°Fr ----nm takes the KLN 35A several minutes to NAV 2 acquire the GPS satellites and to APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH make its initial calculation of your Figure 3-20 position. When the KLN 35A reaches 0.9nm >Present Posn a NAV ready status and is able to navigate, the NAV 2 page will display KORL >Leg Ref: ORL your present position relative to the NAV 2 030°Fr 0.4nm nearest VOR (figure 3-21). Verify APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH that the present position shown on Figure 3-21 the NAV 2 page is correct.

3.3. DISPLAY FORMAT The KLN 35A uses a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). In normal operation, the display screen is divided into two segments by a vertical line, called the page divider. In some cases, such as the display of system messages or the turn-on and self test sequence, the page divider disappears and you have a “full-screen” page. Aeronautical information (or data) is presented on the screen in the form of “pages”. A page is a presentation of specific data in an organized format. Various page “types” are used to display related kinds of data. For example, one page type is NAV (navigation). NAV pages show information such as distance, groundspeed, bearing, course, and other data relating to navigation. Another page type is APT (airport). APT pages contain information pertinent to a specific airport such as name, city, State, elevation, and direction and distance relative to the aircraft’s present position. The top left corner of the screen always displays distance to the active waypoint (figure 3-22). The identifier of the active waypoint is usually displayed on the second line. This area

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7.6nm KIXD >Leg SET 2

DATE/TIME 12 DEC 95 1941:18 CST Central Std

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-22

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NOTE: In order to reach a Nav ready status, the aircraft must be away from obstructions blocking the GPS antenna’s view of required satellites. If the KLN 35A fails to reach a Nav ready status within five minutes refer to section 3.6, “Initialization And Time To First Fix”.

Basic GPS Operation of the display is very useful, since it lets you know where you’re going and how far until you get there.

NOTE: In cases when the active waypoint identifier is displayed on the right side of the page divider, line 2 will display the current groundspeed (figure 3-23)

22.5nm ∂∆ KTOP ∫ 110kt > ««««∑∏π«««« >Leg DTK121° TK126° NAV 1 >121°To 0:12 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-23

Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3

NOTE: For purposes of this Pilot’s Guide, many of the screen illustrations do not show actual navigation data in this area as in figure 3-24. In these cases, the displayed data is not relevant to the discussion of the KLN 35A operation. In normal operation, the aeronautical data is displayed on the right side of the screen. The bottom line on the left side of the page divider indicates the page type that is being displayed on the right side of the page divider. In figure 3-24, the APT 1 (airport 1) page is being displayed.

åå.ånm KISM åååååå KISSIMMEE MUN >Leg ORLANDO APT 1 FL APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-24

You might think of the page types as the chapters in a book and the page numbers as the pages within a chapter. Just as a chapter in a book may have from one to many pages, a KLN 35A page type may have from two to 10 pages associated with it. There are, for example, 10 flight plan pages (FPL 0, FPL 1, FPL 2, ..., FPL 9) in the flight plan page type and five airport pages (APT 1, APT 2, APT 3, APT 4, APT 5) in the airport page type. Figure 3-25 shows an example of an KICT APT 4 page. Notice the “+” sign in åå.ånm åååååå ATIS 125.15 >Leg CLR 125.70 the page identification. Whenever a 121.90 “+” sign is part of a page identifier APT+4 GND APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH there will be two or more pages, all Figure 3-25 having the same page number, used to present all of the required information. That is, all of the information åå.ånm KICT TWR 118.20 associated with a particular page åååååå >Leg UNIC 122.95 126.70 number doesn’t fit on the page being APT+4 CL C viewed. In this case the “+” sign indi- APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH cates that there are two or more APT Figure 3-26 4 pages. Figure 3-26 shows the second APT 4 page for KICT (Wichita Mid-Continent Airport).

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The third line of the left side has three purposes: (1) If the KLN 35A is ready for you to approve something, such as a selected waypoint, the “Ent” prompt will flash (figure 3-27), indicating you should press the F button to continue. (2) If the åå.ånm ZBV 116.70 KLN 35A has a new message for you åååååå BIMINI which must be viewed on a message #>Leg N 25°42.10' VOR 1 W 79°17.10' page, a large “M” will flash in the APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH same area (figure 3-28) telling you to press the C button and view the Figure 3-27 new message. (3) Immediately to the åå.ånm ZBV ∂∆ KSEA right of the “message/enter” display åååååå > ««««∑∏∫«««« area, the navigation mode (see sec{>Leg 62.1nm 112kt tion 4.5 for details) is displayed. If the NAV 1 >262°To 0:33 KLN 35A is in the En route-Leg mode APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH (the normal mode of operation), “Leg” Figure 3-28 will be displayed here.

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The lower left corner of the display, where the page type and number are usually displayed, can also display short operational messages to the user called “scratchpad messages”. These messages are displayed for approximately five seconds, then this area returns to the åå.ånm H 276 page type and number. Figure 3-29 åååååå HOTEL Dup N 55°49.90' shows an example of a scratchpad Ident W 55°45.70' message indicating a duplicate APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH identifier. A complete listing of Figure 3-29 scratchpad messages is available in Appendix C of this Pilot’s Guide.

Basic GPS Operation 3.4. BASIC OPERATION OF PANEL CONTROLS

Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3

The KLN 35A controls are very easy to use. Most of the page selection and data entry is done with the knobs on the right side of the front panel and the cursor (B) button immediately above them. The G button is located on the left side , and there are four buttons across the bottom: C (Message), D (Direct To), E (Clear), and F (Enter). The operation of these buttons will be described on the next few pages. The cursor is an area of inverse video (light characters on a dark background) on the screen. Many pages allow you to add, delete, or change data on the screen by first pressing the B button to turn the cursor function on and bring the cursor on the screen. The right knobs are then used to enter or change data. When the cursor is on åå.ånm >Present Posn the screen, the lower left corner of the åååååå >Leg N 39°43.20' screen will show CRSR in inverse CRSR W 86°17.21' video rather than the page name for APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH that particular page (figure 3-30). The Figure 3-30 cursor is over Present Posn. There are times when the cursor is åå.ånm KICT 125.15 flashing. Figure 3-31 shows an åååååå ATIS #>Leg CLR 125.70 example of how “whiskers” are used CRSR GND 121.90 in this Pilot’s Guide to depict a flash- APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH ing cursor (over ATIS 125.15). In Figure 3-31 addition, it shows an example of how “whiskers” around normal text is used to depict normal (non-inverse) characters flashing. The letters Ent are flashing but are not in inverse video.

3.4.1. PAGE SELECTION It is now time to learn to select a desired page. NOTE: The cursor function is not used in selecting pages and the B button should not be pressed at this time. If CRSR is annunciated in the lower left corner of the display, press the B button to turn the cursor function off.

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The right outer knob is rotated to select one of ten page types for the display. These ten page types are the following: Chapter Name/ Page # Range Page Type

Page Functions

Airport

Directory of published airports

VOR 1-2

VOR

Directory of published VOR stations

NDB 1-2

NDB

Directory of published non-directional beacons (NDB)

SUP 0-3

Supplemental Wpt

Directory of user-defined waypoints

ACT *

Active Waypoint

Information about the active waypoint

NAV 1-4

Navigation

Navigation data

FPL 0-9

Flight Plan

Active and stored flight plans

CAL 1-6

Calculator

Distance, bearing, time and fuel calculator; air data calculations based on pilot-entered data

SET 1-8

Setup

Setting initial position and date/time, updating the data base, and selecting certain features

OTH 1-5

Other

Status reports, and deleting user wpts and remarks

*Varies with the type of waypoints in the active flight plan.

Remember that the page type is displayed at the lower left corner of the screen. The first three letters of the page type are always used for annunciation on the screen, for example, CAL represents Calculator page. The page type is also annunciated by means of a bar on the display, which moves as you turn the right outer knob. All the page types are listed across the front panel directly under the dis-

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APT 1-5

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play, and the bar will always be over one of them. For example, let’s say you were on an APT page KISM (figure 3-32) and you wanted to turn åå.ånm åååååå KISSIMMEE MUN to a SET page. You would look at the >Leg ORLANDO FL list and see that the SET pages are APT 1 eight places to the right of the APT APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH pages. Therefore, turning the right Figure 3-32 outer knob eight clicks clockwise will get you to the SET pages åå.ånm TURN (figure 3-33). The annunciator bar åååååå ANTICIPATION >Leg ENABLED and the page labels work kind of like SET 4 a map to get you from one page type APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH to another. The page type selection Figure 3-33 wraps around from Other (OTH) to Airport (APT); that is, the knob has no mechanical stops. Once you have selected the desired page type using the right outer knob, you may select the page number by rotating the right inner knob. Let’s use an example to make sure you understand. You are presently viewing the APT 2 page and you wish to view the NAV 3 page. Rotating the right outer knob 5 (five) clicks clockwise will display the NAV page that you last viewed—we’ll say the NAV 2 page. Turning the right inner knob one click clockwise or three clicks counterclockwise will bring you to the NAV 3 page. Got it?

NOTE: In this Pilot’s Guide the right smaller knob is assumed to be in the “in” position unless it specifically states that he knob should be in the “out” position. Therefore, the words “rotate the right inner knob” mean to turn the right inner knob while the knob is in the “in” position. 3.4.2. DATA ENTRY Now that you’ve learned how to select the desired page, you’re ready to learn the means of entering data. It is necessary to enter data, for example, in order to specify a waypoint of your choice to go Direct To. The general procedure for entering a waypoint identifier is described below and is shown in figures 3-34 through 3-42 for entering a waypoint (in this case, First Flight airport in North Carolina, identifier KFFA) on the Calculator (CAL) 1 page.

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To enter a waypoint identifier: 1. If the cursor is not on the screen (figure 3-34), press B to turn on the cursor function (figure 3-35).

åå.ånm >Wpt åååååå >Leg 255nm CAL 1 121kt

Fr>KRDU To>KSAV Brg 209° ETE 2:06

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-34

2. If required, rotate the right outer knob to position the cursor (figure 3-36).

3. Rotate the right inner knob to select the first character of the waypoint identifier (figure 3-37).

åå.ånm >Wpt åååååå >Leg 255nm CRSR 121kt

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-35 åå.ånm >Wpt åååååå >Leg 255nm CRSR 121kt

Figure 3-36

6. Use the right outer and inner knobs in this manner until the complete waypoint identifier is displayed (figure 3-40). Note that you may not have to enter the last characters of the identifier because each time you enter a character, the KLN 35A offers you the first identifier in the data base beginning with the characters you have entered.

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Fr>K To>KSAV Brg 209° ETE 2:06

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-37 åå.ånm >Wpt åååååå >Leg 255nm CRSR 121kt

Fr>K To>KSAV Brg 209° ETE 2:06

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-38 åå.ånm >Wpt åååååå >Leg 255nm CRSR 121kt

Fr>KF2 To>KSAV Brg 209° ETE 2:06

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-39 åå.ånm >Wpt åååååå #>Leg 255nm CRSR 121kt

Fr>KFFA To>KSAV Brg 209° ETE 2:06

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-40

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5. Rotate the right inner knob to select the second character (figure 3-39).

Fr>KRDU To>KSAV Brg 209° ETE 2:06

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

åå.ånm >Wpt åååååå >Leg 255nm CRSR 121kt

4. Turn the right outer knob one click clockwise to move the cursor to the second character position (figure 3-38).

Fr>KRDU To>KSAV Brg 209° ETE 2:06

Basic GPS Operation 7. If Ent is flashing on the left side of the screen, then press F. This will prompt the KLN 35A to display a waypoint page for the waypoint identifier you just entered (figure 3-41).

Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3

8. Verify the waypoint information displayed, and then press F again to approve the waypoint page. The display will return to the page previously displayed (figure 3-42).

åå.ånm KFFA 10ft åååååå FIRST FLIGHT #>Leg KILL DEVIL HIL APT 1 NC APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-41 åå.ånm >Wpt åååååå >Leg 361nm CRSR 121kt

Fr>KFFA To>KSAV Brg 231° ETE 2:59

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-42

Often, you will find yourself entering airports that begin with the same character over and over again. In section 2.3, you learned how the KLN 35A uses ICAO identifiers, which means that many U.S. airport identifiers begin with the letter K. Also, many airport identifiers in Europe begin with the letter E or the letter L. Especially when flying VFR, you will mostly want to enter airports as Direct To or Flight Plan waypoints. The KLN 35A has a great feature that will save you turns of the knob when you know that the first character will probably be a K, E, L, or other letter that is commonly used in your part of the world. You can set the default first waypoint identifier character on the SET 5 page.

To change the default first waypoint identifier character:

1. Select the SET 5 page (figure 343) and turn on the cursor (B) (figure 3-44).

åå.ånm Default First åååååå Character of >Leg Wpt Identifier SET 5 Entry: A APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-43 åå.ånm Default First åååååå Character of >Leg Wpt Identifier CRSR Entry: A APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-44 2. Use the right inner knob to select the desired character (figure 3-45), such as a K in the U.S., a C in Canada, a P in Alaska, an E or an L in Europe, etc.

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åå.ånm Default First åååååå Character of >Leg Wpt Identifier CRSR Entry: K APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-45

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3. Turn off the cursor. To try it out, proceed to the SET 1 page (initial position). Turn the cursor åå.ånm INIT POS:K (B) on (it will come on over the åååååå N 39°36.91' waypoint field). Try turning the #>Leg W 78°45.71' right inner knob clockwise CRSR (figure 3-46). There’s the APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH character you just selected on the Figure 3-46 SET 5 page!

3.4.3. THE DUPLICATE WAYPOINT PAGE

To see an example of a Duplicate Waypoint page, try entering the identifier “D” as a Direct To waypoint or a Flight Plan Waypoint: 1. Press D. 2. Select the letter “D” as the waypoint identifier (figure 3-47). D is the full identifier of several waypoints in the KLN 35A data base.

åå.ånm åååååå #>Leg CRSR

DIRECT TO: D

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-47 åå.ånm D

Typ Area

3. Press F. The Duplicate åååååå 3 1 NDB CAN? 2 NDB CUB? Waypoint page will be displayed #>Leg CRSR 3 NDB USA? on the screen (figure 3-48). At APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH the time of this writing, there were Figure 3-48 three waypoints in the Americas data base having the identifier D. If there are more than four waypoints having the same identifier, only the first three are initially shown. The list includes an NDB in Canada, an NDB in Cuba, and an NDB in the U.S. The cursor will be over the first waypoint listed. They are listed with the waypoint closest to the aircraft’s present position displayed first and the waypoint furthest from the aircraft displayed last. To view the rest of the choices,

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There are some waypoints in the data base whose identifiers are not unique. That is, more than one waypoint has the same identifier. When a waypoint identifier has been entered which is not unique to a single waypoint, a Duplicate Waypoint page appears on the screen. The Duplicate Waypoint page is used to select which of the waypoints having the same identifier is actually desired. The waypoint identifier is displayed on the top left of the page. To the right of the identifier is the number of waypoints in the data base having the identifier. Below the identifier is a list of the waypoint types (APT, VOR, NDB, USR) and the associated countries which use the identifier.

Basic GPS Operation rotate the right outer knob clockwise. Doing so will move the flashing cursor over waypoints two, three and then will cause the waypoint list to “scroll” so that the other waypoints in the list may be seen. 4. To select the desired waypoint, move the cursor over the appropriate choice (figure 3-49). 5. Press F and the display will change to the waypoint page for the selected waypoint (figure 3-50). 6. Press F again to approve the waypoint page.

åå.ånm D åååååå 3 #>Leg CRSR

Typ Area 1 NDB CAN? 2 NDB CUB? 3 NDB USA?

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-49 åå.ånm D 295 åååååå FIVE FINGER #>Leg N 57°16.28' NDB 1 W133°37.80' APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-50

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3.4.4. CYCLIC FIELDS On many of the KLN 35A pages, there are cyclic fields, which are preceded by a carat (>). A cyclic field is one that you as the pilot can select from two or more options. For AUS example, in figure 3-51, the field åå.ånm åååååå Mag Var E 7° >135°To (magnetic bearing to Austin >Leg VOR) is a cyclic field. In this case, VOR 2 >135°To 13.3nm the second option is the magnetic APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH radial from Austin VOR to present Figure 3-51 position.

To change a cyclic field: 1. Turn on the cursor by pressing the B button (figure 3-52). 2. Using the right outer knob, move the cursor over the cyclic field you wish to change (figure 3-53). 3. Press the E button to change the cyclic field (figure 3-54). Notice that repeated E presses “cycle” you through the choices. In this case there are only two, so E works like a toggle switch.

åå.ånm AUS åååååå Mag Var E 7° >Leg CRSR >135°To 13.3nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-52 åå.ånm AUS åååååå Mag Var E 7° >Leg CRSR >135°To 12.8nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-53 åå.ånm AUS åååååå Mag Var E 7° >Leg CRSR >315°Fr 12.5nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-54

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NOTE: The cyclic field which always appears on the left side of the display is the navigation mode selector/annunciator. In most cases, it will display >Leg indicating en route-leg mode (figure 3-54). The other choice is the en route-OBS mode, in which the magnetic selected åå.ånm AUS course is displayed here (figure 3-55). åååååå Mag Var E 7° >142 You can move the cursor to this cyclic VOR 2 >315°Fr 12.4nm field by turning the cursor all the way APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH counterclockwise. See section 4.5 for Figure 3-55 more details on navigation modes.

3.5. MESSAGE PAGE

To view a message: 1. Press the C button. The MSG page will appear and show the new message (figure 3-57).

*Data Base Outdated All Data Must be Confirmed Before Use APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-57 NOTE: Appendix B of this Pilot’s Guide contains a list of all the Message page messages and their meanings. It is possible that several messages are displayed at one time on the Message page. The newest message appears first and the rest in reverse chronological order. 2. After reading the message, press C again to return to the page previously in view. If all of the messages cannot be displayed on one Message page, repeated presses of C will show the other messages before returning to normal operation. If a message condition exists which requires a specific action by you, the message prompt will remain on but will not flash.

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Whenever the KLN 35A wants to get your attention, the message prompt (a large “M” on the left side of the screen begins flashing (figure 3-56). If you have a remote åå.ånm Time CST 1537 message annunciator in your aircraft, åååååå Depart 1301 it will also begin flashing at that time. {>Leg ETA KSTJ 1557 NAV 3 Flight 2:36 You should view the message at your APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH earliest opportunity because the unit may be alerting you to some situation Figure 3-56 of immediate concern to its condition or to your flight. A description of each possible message is included in Appendix B of this Pilot’s Guide.

Basic GPS Operation 3.6. INITIALIZATION AND TIME TO FIRST FIX

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Since the KLN 35A stores its position and other required parameters in memory when power to the unit is removed, it is seldom necessary to aid the unit in reaching a NAV ready condition. The time required from power on until the KLN 35A determines its present position and is therefore ready to navigate is called “time to first fix.” The time to first fix is normally a few minutes or less. In order for the KLN 35A to reach a NAV ready condition, it is necessary to meet the following conditions: 1. The KLN 35A’s “almanac” data should be current. Almanac data is orbital information for all the satellites and is used for initial acquisition when the KLN 35A is first turned on. This data is stored in the KLN 35A’s non-volatile memory and is considered current for up to six months. Each satellite sends almanac data for all satellites. Since the KLN 35A routinely updates the almanac data during normal operation, the almanac data will become out of date only if the KLN 35A hasn’t been used for the previous six months or longer. Collecting new almanac data takes place automatically if the data is more than six months old. If the almanac data is out of date and needs to be collected, the KLN 35A will take a few minutes to acquire your present position (usually about six (6) minutes, but not more than 12 minutes). The Self Test, Initialization, and Data Base pages should be approved. 2. The aircraft must be located such that the GPS antenna has an unobstructed view of the sky so that required satellite signals are not being blocked. If possible, position the aircraft away from hangars or other obstructions. 3. It is very helpful for the KLN 35A to have the correct time, date and position to be able to determine which satellites should be in view. This infomation is stored in the battery backed memory of the KLN 35A so it is not normally required to update it. If the KLN 35A has the correct time, date and position, then the time to first fix will usually be less than two (2) minutes. If this information is not correct, then the KLN 35A will start to look for any satellites. Eventually, the KLN 35A will find enough satellites to determine the position of the aircraft. This process can take as long as 12 minutes. It is possible for you to update this information manually, which will allow the KLN 35A to reach a NAV ready status much faster. To set the time and date follow steps 5 and 6 in section 3.2, “Turn-On and Self-Test.” The initial position is usually set during turn-on and self-test, but if for some reason it is necessary

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to update the position after the power-on sequence, then use the following steps. Remember, if acquisition time is not important then it is not necessary to update the time, date or position.

To initialize the position from the SET 1 page: 1. If the cursor is not on the screen (figure 3-58), press the B button to bring it on the page over the INIT POS field (figure 3-59).

åå.ånm INIT POS: åååååå N 51°12.00' >Leg W115°51.11' SET 1 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

3. Once you have entered the complete identifier, press F. The display will change to the waypoint page for the waypoint you entered (figure 3-61).

åå.ånm CYYC 3560ft åååååå CALGARY INTL #>Leg CALGARY APT 1 AB APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-61

4. If this is the waypoint you intended to enter, press F again. The display will change back to the SET 1 page.

NOTE: As an alternative, you can also enter the approximate latitude and longitude of your present position directly on the SET 1 page instead of entering a waypoint.

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Figure 3-58 2. Using the right inner and outer knobs, enter the identifier for the INIT POS: airport where you are presently åå.ånm åååååå N 51°12.00' located or the identifier of a >Leg W115°51.11' CRSR navaid or other airport which is close to your present position APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH (figure 3-60). Any waypoint in the Figure 3-59 data base which is within 60 miles is acceptable, but the closåå.ånm INIT POS:CYYC åååååå N 51°12.00' er the better. Remember, if you #>Leg W115°51.11' are entering an airport identifier CRSR that is all letters (no numbers), APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH then it will begin with a “K” prefix Figure 3-60 in the contiguous U.S., a “P” in Alaska (in some cases; in others, the prefix is not added), or a “C” in Canada. If there are numbers in the identifier then a prefix is not used. Outside the contiguous U.S., Alaska, and Canada, use the airport identifiers as they are charted.

Basic GPS Operation 5. With the right inner knob, position the cursor over Ok?, if it is not already there (figure 3-62).

åå.ånm INIT POS:CYYC åååååå N 51°06.83' #>Leg W114°01.22' CRSR Ok? APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-62

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6. Press F to approve the initial position. The cursor will automatically be removed from the screen.

NOTE: If the KLN 35A is in the Take-Home mode, you are allowed to enter the groundspeed (kt) and heading (°) fields in order to simulate flight (figure 3-63). They are not used for actual initialization in an åå.ånm INIT POS: åååååå N 51°06.83' aircraft. However, entering a ground >Leg W114°01.22' SET 1 200kt 43° speed will allow the KLN 35A to “fly” along the active flight plan (or to a APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH direct to waypoint) starting from the Figure 3-63 initialization waypoint. A heading may be entered in the initial heading field while in the Take-Home mode if the one offered is not desired. See section 4.7 for more details on the Take-Home mode. 7. Select the NAV 2 page. When the KLN 35A reaches the NAV ready status and is therefore able to navigate, the NAV 2 page will display the present position. Verify that the latitude and longitude or the waypoint, radial, and distance display of present position are correct.

3.7. SELECTING AND SCANNING WAYPOINTS There are four types of waypoints: airports, VORs, NDBs, and user waypoints. Waypoints in the published data base fall into one of the first three types. You can create up to 250 user waypoints to supplement the waypoints in the database (see section 4.4 to create a user waypoint). There are three methods you may use to select a specific waypoint for viewing. You may enter the waypoint’s identifier directly, you may scan through the waypoint identifiers in alphabetical order, or you may enter the waypoint’s name. If the waypoint is an airport, you may also select it by entering the city where the airport is located.

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3.7.1. SELECTING WAYPOINTS BY IDENTIFIER The most direct way of selecting a specific waypoint is to simply enter the waypoint’s identifier directly on the appropriate waypoint page type (APT, for example). Let’s use Chicago O’Hare International Airport whose identifier is KORD as an example.

To select a waypoint by identifier from a waypoint page: 1. Use the right outer and inner knobs to select the Airport 1 (APT 1) page (figure 3-64). (Actually, the airport identifier can be entered on any of the three Airport pages but we’ll use the APT 1 since it displays the airport name and city).

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-64 åå.ånm Y78 690ft åååååå RAINBOW >Leg MILWAUKEE CRSR WI APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-65

3. Turn the right inner knob to select a “K” as the first character (figure åå.ånm K00 440ft 3-66). You may turn the knob åååååå HALL >Leg KAUFMAN either clockwise or counterclockCRSR TX wise, and the letters and APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH numbers wrap around with a Figure 3-66 blank character separating the “9” and the “A”. Notice that as you turn through letters, the KLN 35A automatically fills in the identifier of the first waypoint in alphanumeric order in the data base which matches what you’ve entered so far (in this case, Hall Airport in Kaufman, Texas). Go ahead and experiment a little bit. 4. Use the right outer knob to move the cursor to the second character and select an “O” (figure 3-67).

åå.ånm KOAJ 90ft åååååå ELLIS >Leg JACKSONVILLE CRSR NC APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-67

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2. Turn on the cursor (B) and make sure the right inner knob is pushed in. The cursor will appear over the first character of the airport identifier (figure 3-65).

åå.ånm Y78 690ft åååååå RAINBOW >Leg MILWAUKEE APT 1 WI

Basic GPS Operation 5. Use the same process to select an “R” and then a “D” (figure 3-68). You are now viewing the APT 1 page for KORD.

åå.ånm KORD 670ft åååååå CHICAGO-O HARE >Leg CHICAGO CRSR IL APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-68 The KLN 35A feature of filling in characters of the identifier can be a time saver! For a second example, let’s select Bloomington VOR whose identifier is BMI. More selecting a waypoint by identifier: 1. Make sure you have turned the cursor off from the previous example. With the right knobs, select the VOR 1 page (figure 3-69).

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-69

2. Turn the cursor (B) on. Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3

åå.ånm ABA 112.50 åååååå ARUBA >Leg N 12°30.53' VOR 1 W 69°56.47'

3. Change the first character to a “B” (figure 3-70).

åå.ånm BAE 116.40 åååååå BADGER >Leg N 43°07.01' CRSR W 88°17.06'

4. Move the cursor to the second APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH character and select “M” Figure 3-70 (figure 3-71). Eureka! When you entered the “M”, the KLN 35A åå.ånm BMI 108.20 searched its data base for the first åååååå BLOOMINGTON >Leg N 40°28.85' VOR identifier beginning with the CRSR W 88°55.87' letters “BM” and found BMI. APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Many times you will only have to Figure 3-71 enter two or three characters of the waypoint identifier and the KLN 35A will furnish the rest. 5. Turn off the cursor (B).

3.7.2. SELECTING WAYPOINTS BY SCANNING You may also select waypoints by scanning through them. This may be done with the cursor either on or off.

To select a waypoint by scanning with the cursor off: 1. Select the page type for the waypoint you are looking for (APT, VOR, NDB, or SUP). 2. Pull the right inner knob to the “out” position.

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3. Turn the right inner knob clockwise to scan through the waypoints in alphabetical order, or counterclockwise to scan in reverse alphabetical order. Remember that numbers are considered lower in order than letters. Thus, the airport identifier KA2 comes before KAAF.

NOTE: The faster you turn the knob while scanning, the larger the step through the waypoints. This variable rate scanning allows you to get from one end of the list to the other very quickly. When the knob is turned slowly, you will go through the waypoints one at a time. You may also want to scan waypoints with the cursor on. This is especially useful if you remember the first part of the identifier, or if you wanted to scan all airports that start with a KL, for example. Let’s give it a try.

To select a waypoint by scanning with the cursor on: 1. Select the page type for the waypoint you are looking for (APT, VOR, NDB, or SUP). In this case, we want the APT 1 page.

3. Move the cursor one place to the right and select an L (figure 3-72). 4. Move the cursor one place to the right and pull the right inner knob out. The last two characters of the waypoint identifier will be in reverse video (figure 3-73). 5. Use the right inner knob to leaf through all the data base airports whose identifiers begin with KL. You will see KL6, Little Bear Lake Airport in Saskatchewan (figure 3-74), and KLAS, McCarran International in Las Vegas, Nevada among others.

åå.ånm KL3 850ft åååååå WUNNUMMIN LAKE >Leg WUNNUMMIN LAKE CRSR ON APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-72 åå.ånm KL3 850ft åååååå WUNNUMMIN LAKE >Leg WUNNUMMIN LAKE CRSR ON APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-73 åå.ånm KL6 2100ft åååååå LITTLE BEAR LK >Leg LITTLE BEAR LK CRSR SK APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-74

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2. Turn on the cursor (B). It will appear over the first character of the waypoint identifier. Select a K with the right inner knob.

Basic GPS Operation 3.7.4. SELECTING WAYPOINTS BY NAME OR CITY When you know the identifier of the desired waypoint you will use one of the two methods just described to select it. However, what if you know the name but you don’t know the identifier of your desired waypoint? You’re in luck because the KLN 35A will allow you to enter the first few characters of the name to help you find it in the data base. We will use a couple of examples to illustrate how this is done. For VORs and NDBs, you may use the navaid name. For airports, you may use the airport name or the city name (where the airport is located). In this first example we want to view the information in the KLN 35A data base for Napoleon VOR (located just east of Kansas City) but we don’t remember the identifier for it.

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To select a VOR or NDB by navaid name: 1. With the cursor off, use the right knobs to select the VOR 1 page (figure 3-75). The VOR waypoint in view is not important. 2. Press B and then make sure the right inner knob is pushed to the “in” position. 3. With the right outer knob, move the cursor over the first character in the VOR name which is being displayed (figure 3-76). 4. Change this first character to an “N” in this case (figure 3-77). 5. Move the cursor one space to the right and select the second character, “A” (figure 3-78). 6. Select the third character, “P” (figure 3-79). Up pops Napoleon and its identifier, ANX! 7. Turn off the cursor (B) so you can view other pages.

åå.ånm CJS 116.70 åååååå JUAREZ CIUDAD >Leg N 31°38.16' VOR 1 W106°25.58' APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-75 åå.ånm CJS 116.70 åååååå JUAREZ CIUDAD >Leg N 31°38.16' CRSR W106°25.58' APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-76 åå.ånm PNE 112.00 åååååå N PHILADELPHIA >Leg N 40°04.92' CRSR W 75°00.57' APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-77 åå.ånm ABB 112.40 åååååå NABB >Leg N 38°35.33' CRSR W 85°38.16' APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-78 åå.ånm ANX 114.00 åååååå NAPOLEON >Leg N 39°05.73' CRSR W 94°07.73' APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-79

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We will now use another example to show how we may enter a few characters and then scan through all the waypoints in the data base beginning with those characters. Let’s use this method to find La Guardia Airport in New York City.

To select an airport by scanning the airport name: 1. With the cursor off and the right inner knob in the “in” position, select the APT (Airport) 1 page. The airport displayed at this time is not important. 2. Turn on the cursor (B). 3. Move the cursor over the first character in the airport name (figure 3-80). 4. Change the first character to an “L”.

6. Now, move the cursor one place to the right and pull the right inner knob out. The rest of the airport name field will appear in inverse video (figure 3-82). 7. Turn the right inner knob clockwise, scanning through La Crosse Municipal, La Grande/Union airport, and several others. Eventually, you will arrive at “LA GUARDIA” (figure 3-83). By turning the cursor off, pushing the right inner knob in and turning it, you can leaf through the remainder of the pages for La Guardia.

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-80 åå.ånm MGGT 4950ft åååååå LA AURORA INTL >Leg GUATEMALA CITY CRSR GTM APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-81 åå.ånm MGGT 4950ft åååååå LA AURORA INTL >Leg GUATEMALA CITY CRSR GTM APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-82

åå.ånm KLGA 20ft åååååå LA GUARDIA >Leg NEW YORK CRSR NY APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-83

NOTE: This same method may be used with the name of the city where the airport is located.

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5. Move the cursor one place to the right, and select an “A” (figure 3-81).

åå.ånm KPAE 610ft åååååå SNOHOMISH CO >Leg EVERETT CRSR WA

Basic GPS Operation There are a few changes made to names in order to accommodate the KLN 35A display and to make the names easier to find.

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1. Names which are too long to fit on the display are abbreviated. The first six characters are usually exactly correct, but the follow ing are exceptions: North, Northern, East, Eastern, etc.—uses N, E Southeast, Northwest, etc.—uses SE, NW Point—uses PT Port—uses PT Fort—uses FT Saint—uses ST General—Deleted, or uses GEN Person’s name—uses initials for other than last name unless very well known (Will Rogers World airport) Delete “City of” (City of Colorado Springs Municipal) Delete “Greater” (Greater Buffalo Int’l) Delete “The” (The Hartsfield Atlanta Int’l) 2. Unless the first word is greater than eight characters, it is usually not abbreviated. 3. Delete most punctuation such as periods and apostrophes. 4. Abbreviations for International are INTL, INT, and IN. 5. Abbreviations for Regional are REGL and REG.

3.8. “NEAREST” FUNCTIONS At any time, you can have access to the nearest airports, waypoints, Special Use Airspace (SUA), Flight Service Station (FSS) frequencies, and Center frequencies to your position. Your ticket to do this is the handy G button. When you first press the G button, a page is displayed asking which nearest function you would like to select (figure 3-84).

åå.ånm NEAREST åååååå APT? VOR? NDB? #>Leg SUP? SUA? FSS? CRSR CTR? APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-84

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The choices are: APT VOR NDB SUP SUA FSS CTR

Airports VORs NDBs Supplemental (User-defined) waypoints Special Use Airspaces Flight Service Station Frequencies Center Frequencies

To select the desired nearest function, use the right outer knob to move the cursor to the desired selection and press F. Notice that the cursor is initially over the APT field, so you may press G then press F immediately to access the nearest airports. 118.00 KPAO 1 1370ft 136.97 PALO ALTO-S CL >Leg 2500ft HRD L APT 1 >126°To 1.2nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-85

3.8.1. VIEWING THE NEAREST WAYPOINTS There are actually two waypoint scan lists for airports, VORs, NDBs and user-defined waypoints. These two lists are the “complete” list and the “nearest” list. The complete list contains all of the waypoints in the data base for a waypoint type (all the airports, for example). The nearest list consists of the nine nearest waypoints (of that type) to your present position. Therefore, if you are in the nearest airport list, it will contain the nine nearest airports relative to your location. The nearest list is positioned in front of the complete list. That is, instead of using the G button, you may scan backwards (turn the right inner knob counterclockwise while in the “pulled-out” position) through the complete list to reach the nearest list. You will know when you have reached the nearest list because the top middle portion of the waypoint page will flash the relative position of the waypoint to your position. “1” indicates nearest (figure 3-85) while “9” indicates the ninth nearest KOAK 9 10ft (figure 3-86). As you scan clockwise 118.00 136.97 METRO OAKLAND with the right inner knob “1, 2, 3, ..., >Leg 10000ft HRD L 9”, the next scan position is the APT 1 >327°To 16.4nm beginning of the complete list. The APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-86

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Selecting any of the waypoint types (APT, VOR, NDB, or SUP) takes you immediately to the waypoint page for the first nearest waypoint of that type, for example, the nearest airport (figure 3-85).

Basic GPS Operation nearest list can only be reached by scanning backwards. It does not wrap around after the last waypoint in the complete list. Waypoint pages displayed in the nearest list do not contain a latitude and longitude position as they do in the complete list. Instead, the bearing and distance to the waypoint (or the radial and distance from the waypoint) are displayed. In addition, nearest airport pages display the length, surface, and lighting of the longest runway. Once the nearest waypoint is being displayed, the other waypoint pages (for example, APT 2 and APT 3) for that airport are available for display by making sure the right inner knob is pushed in and then turning it to select the desired airport page.

3.8.1.1 Nearest Airport Criteria

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The nine airports in the nearest list are the nine airports which meet the criteria selected on the Setup 6 (SET 6) page. For example, you probably wouldn’t want to take a turboprop into a 1500 foot grass strip! The SET 6 page allows you to specify what criteria you want an airport to meet before it is considered for the nearest airport list.

To specify the nearest airport criteria: 1. Select the SET 6 page and turn on the cursor (B). 2. Use the right inner knob to select the minimum length runway desired for the airport to qualify for the nearest airport list (figure 3-87). Values between 1000 feet and 5000 feet in 100 foot increments may be selected.

åå.ånm NEAREST APT åååååå CRITERIA >Leg Length: 2200' SET 6 Surface: HRD APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-87

3. Rotate the right outer knob clockwise to move the cursor over the runway surface criteria. 4. Turn the right inner knob to select either HRD or ANY. If ANY is chosen, then both hard and soft surface runways meeting the required runway length will be included in the nearest airport list. If HRD is chosen, then only hard surface runways will be included. Hard surface runways include concrete, asphalt, pavement, tarmac, brick, bitumen, and sealed. Soft surface runways include turf, gravel, clay, sand, dirt, ice, steel matting, shale, and snow. For example, if the minimum runway criteria selected is 2200 feet in length and HRD surface, then only airports having a hard surface runway at least 2200 feet in length will be displayed in the nearest airport list.

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3.8.1.2 Continuous Display of Nearest Airport When the nearest airport page is initially displayed, “1” is displayed in the upper right hand corner of the page to designate this airport as the nearest airport. However, if you continue to fly along your flight plan with this page selected, the same airport will be displayed and its position in the nearest airport list will change from 1 to 2, 3, 4 ... 9 until finally it won’t be in the nearest airport list at all. The reason for this is that in the event of an actual emergency once you have determined which airport you are heading for, you don’t want the nearest airport list to update while you are maneuvering or looking up data on the other airport pages for that airport. There may be times, however, when you’re flying over “unfriendly” terrain when you wish to always have the nearest airport displayed on the screen.

To display the nearest airport continuously:

2. Turn on the cursor (B). 3. Rotate the right outer knob clockwise to position the cursor over “1” (figure 3-88). As long as the cursor is left in this position, this page will update so that the nearest airport is always shown as the flight progresses.

åå.ånm KPAO 1 1370ft åååååå PALO ALTO-S CL >Leg 2500ft HRD L CRSR >126°To 1.2nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-88

3.8.2. VIEWING THE NEAREST SPECIAL USE AIRSPACES The KLN 35A data base stores the locations of areas of special use airspace (SUA). The types of SUA areas stored in the data base and the abbreviations used to denote these areas are the following: Class B Airspace Class C Airspace Control Area (used outside USA) Terminal Area (used outside USA) Alert Area Danger Area Prohibited Area Restricted Area Terminal Radar Service Area

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CL B CL C CTA TMA ALRT DNGR PROH REST TRSA

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1. Display the nearest airport page by pressing G followed by pressing F.

Basic GPS Operation The nearest special use airspace feature is constantly keeping track of the five nearest areas of SUA. Pressing the G button and selecting the SUA option will display the SUA 1 page (figure 3-89) for the åå.ånm KANSAS CITY åååååå CL B 1 nearest SUA to your location, includ>Leg Below 8000ft ing those which you are inside. Turn SUA 1 012° ‡ 9.3nm to section 3.15 to learn more about APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH how an altitude input affects special Figure 3-89 use airspace sensing and how the KLN 35A determines if you are inside special use airspace or not. The SUA 1 page displays the following information: Line 1: The name of the special use airspace area. Line 2: The SUA type (see the list of abbreviations above, this particular SUA is Class B airspace), and the sequence number (1st nearest, 2nd nearest, etc.).

Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3

Line 3: The altitude limits of the SUA. Line 4: The proximity of the nearest point on the border of the SUA, in the form of the absolute bearing, relative bearing, and distance to the SUA border. The absolute bearing is the approximate heading you would fly to most quickly get into the SUA. The relative bearing arrow in the middle of this line points to the SUA border, telling you if it is directly ahead of you (‡‡ ), straight off your left wing (ŠŠ ), etc. Finally, the distance to the SUA in nautical miles is displayed on the right side of line 4. If the aircraft is inside the SUA, line 4 will read A/C INSIDE SUA, if you are above or below the SUA, as indicated by the encoding altimeter, line 4 will tell you this (A/C ABOVE SUA or A/C BELOW SUA). A single clockwise turn of the right inner knob selects the SUA 2 page, which displays either the controlling ATC facility (figure 3-90), or if the special use airspace is a Class B, Class C, CTA, or TMA, the page will be displayed as in figure 3-91, instructing you to press E to see the APT 4 page (airport communications) for the primary airport so that the correct communications frequency may be determined.

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åå.ånm TRUMAN A åååååå MOA 1 >Leg KC Center SUA 2 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-90 åå.ånm KANSAS CITY åååååå CL B 1 INSIDE >Leg Press CLR for SUA 2 KMCI Freq Use APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-91

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To scan through the remainder of the nearest SUA areas, pull the right inner knob to the “out” position and turn it clockwise to view the SUA pages for the second nearest through fifth nearest SUAs.

NOTE: The KLN 35A displays the five nearest SUAs regardless of your present altitude and the altitude limits of the SUA. For instance, it will include SUAs specified as “Below 6000ft” even if you are cruising at 10,000 feet. 3.8.3. Viewing the Nearest Flight Service Station Frequencies The KLN 35A stores in its data base the locations of Flight Service Stations (FSS) and their remote communications sites. In addition, the KLN 35A determines which two of these FSS points of communication are closest to your present location. What a convenience for you! Next time you want to file a flight plan from the air or contact an FSS for some other reason, you can easily use the KLN 35A to determine a suitable FSS and the appropriate frequency.

Pressing the G button and selecting the FSS option will display two of the nearest points of communication with Flight Service Stations. There will normally be two FSS 1 pages, one for each of the two points of contact. The name of the FSS is at the top of the page. There can be from one to three frequencies included for a point of contact (figure 3-92). Remember that in the U.S. the frequency 122.00 MHz åå.ånm AUSTIN FSS åååååå is used for “Flight Watch” and the fre>Leg 122.20 122.55 quency 123.60 MHz is used for FSS+1 Aeronautical Advisory Service. As APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH you know, it is often possible to comFigure 3-92 municate with an FSS by transmitting on 122.10 MHz and listening on the VOR frequency. In cases like this, åå.ånm FT DODGE FSS the FSS 1 page displays the frequen- åååååå OMA VOR >Leg Tx 122.10 cies to use for transmit and receive FSS+1 Rec 116.30 and also the name of the VOR through which you are communicat- APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-93 ing (figure 3-93).

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NOTE: In some areas of the world the KLN 35A provides the location of the nearest point of communication with a facility providing information (INF) or radio (RDO) services.

Basic GPS Operation 3.8.4. Viewing the Nearest Center Frequencies The KLN 35A also stores in its data base the low altitude boundaries of each of the ARTCC “Centers”. The KLN 35A determines the proper Center to contact and the appropriate frequencies to use for the aircraft’s present position. Pressing the G button and selecting the CTR option will display this information to you (figure 3-94). Next time åå.ånm LOS ANGELES CTR 118.55 you wish to obtain VFR flight following åååååå >Leg 132.85 or communicate with Center for any CTR reason, you have a quick way to get a APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH frequency for establishing contact! Figure 3-94 Appendix D contains a listing of Center abbreviations used on the CTR page.

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NOTE: Frequencies for Area Control Centers are displayed on the CTR page for some areas of the world.

3.9. DIRECT TO OPERATION The D button is used to initiate Direct To operation (navigation from your present position direct to your destination). When D is pressed, åå.ånm DIRECT TO: åååååå the Direct To page will be displayed KPWA with a flashing cursor over a waypoint #>Leg CRSR identifier (figure 3-95). The waypoint APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH identifier which appears on the Direct Figure 3-95 To page is chosen by the KLN 35A according to the following rules:

1. If the Flight Plan 0 (FPL 0) page is displayed on the screen and the cursor is over one of the waypoint identifiers in FPL 0 when D is pressed, then that waypoint identifier will appear on the DIR page. You will appreciate this feature when you learn to use flight plans in section 4.2. 2. If the KLN 35A is displaying the NAV 4 page and the right inner knob is in the “out” position, then the waypoint highlighted in the lower right hand corner of the NAV 4 map display will be the default waypoint. You will also find this feature useful when operating from the active flight plan. OR . . .

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3. If there is any waypoint page (APT, VOR, NDB, SUP, or ACT page) in view when D is pressed, then the DIR page will contain the identifier for the waypoint just viewed. If none of the conditions above is occurring, then:

4. When D is pressed, the waypoint identifier for the current active waypoint will be displayed on the DIR page. If there is no active waypoint when D is pressed, then:

5. The Direct To page displays blanks in the waypoint identifier field. In order for there not to be an active waypoint, there is no Direct To waypoint and there are no waypoints in Flight Plan 0. 3.9.1. INITIATING A DIRECT TO

To fly Direct To a waypoint (procedure 1): 1. Press D. The Direct To page is displayed (figure 3-96). The cursor will already be on. A waypoint identifier may or may not be displayed, it doesn’t matter at this point. 2. Rotate the right inner knob to select the first character of the desired waypoint’s identifier, in this case, a “K” (figure 3-97). Remember to enter the “K”, “C”, or “P” prefix for certain airports in North America, if required (see section 2.3, “ICAO Identifiers”). 3. Turn the right outer knob one click clockwise to move the flashing portion of the cursor over the second character position (figure 3-98).

åå.ånm åååååå #>Leg CRSR

DIRECT TO: KDTW

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-96

åå.ånm åååååå #>Leg CRSR

DIRECT TO: K

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-97

åå.ånm åååååå #>Leg CRSR

DIRECT TO: K

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-98

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Now that you know the ground rules, let’s go ahead and try some practical examples. First, let’s say we wanted to fly directly to Wexford County Airport in Cadillac, Michigan. Its ICAO identifier is KCAD.

Basic GPS Operation 4. Rotate the right inner knob to select the second character of the identifier (figure 3-99).

åå.ånm åååååå #>Leg CRSR

DIRECT TO: KC2

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-99 5. Use right outer and inner knobs as in the previous steps until the desired identifier is completely displayed (figure 3-100).

åå.ånm åååååå #>Leg CRSR

DIRECT TO: KCAD

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-100 6. Press F to display the waypoint page for the selected waypoint (figure 3-101).

åå.ånm KCAD 1310ft åååååå WEXFORD CO #>Leg CADILLAC APT 1 MI

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APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

7. Press F again to approve the displayed waypoint page. The screen will change to the NAV 1 page, and the selected waypoint will now be the active Direct To waypoint (figure 3-102).

Figure 3-101 76.8nm D∆ KCAD 121kt > ««««∑∏π«««« ∫ >Leg DTK167° TK168° NAV 1 >167°To 0:41 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-102

To fly Direct To a waypoint (procedure 2): 1. Select the desired waypoint page (APT, VOR, NDB, or SUP) on the screen (figure 3-103) using one of the three procedures explained in section 3.9. 2. Press D. The Direct To page is displayed and it contains the desired waypoint identifier (figure 3-104).

åå.ånm JJC 396 åååååå MOUNTAIN CITY >Leg N 36°24.99' CRSR W 81°49.46' APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-103 åå.ånm åååååå #>Leg CRSR

DIRECT TO: JJC

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-104 3. Press F. The display will revert to the NAV 1 page with the selected waypoint as the Direct To waypoint.

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If you get off course and wish to recenter the left/right deviation bar (D-Bar) to proceed to the same waypoint, use the following procedure:

To recenter the D-Bar by going direct to the active waypoint: 1. Select a non-waypoint page (NAV, FPL, CAL, SET, or OTH) on the screen. 2. Press D. The Direct To page is displayed on the left, containing the active waypoint identifier. 3. Press F.

3.9.2. CANCELING A DIRECT TO To cancel Direct To operation: The primary reason for wanting to cancel Direct To operation is to return to flight plan operation which is described later in section 4.2.4 “Combining Direct To and Flight Plan Operation”. 2. Press E to blank out the waypoint identifier field (figure 3-105).

åå.ånm åååååå >Leg CRSR

DIRECT TO: _____

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

3. Press F.

Figure 3-105

3.9.3. WAYPOINT ALERTING FOR DIRECT TO OPERATION Approximately 36 seconds prior to reaching a Direct To waypoint, the arrow preceding the waypoint identifier on the waypoint page for the active waypoint will begin flashing. This arrow will also be flashing on any NAV or FPL page displaying the active waypoint identifier. This is called “waypoint alerting”. If an external waypoint alert annunciator is mounted in the aircraft, this annunciator will begin flashing at the same time.

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1. Press D.

Basic GPS Operation 3.10. NAVIGATION PAGES As you would expect, the NAV (navigation) pages contain information relating specifically to the KLN 35A’s navigation capabilities. The KLN 35A has four NAV pages. The procedure for selecting specific pages, including the NAV pages, was described in section 3.4.1, “Page Selection”.

3.10.1. THE NAVIGATION 1 (NAV 1) PAGE

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The NAV 1 page is the primary navigation display, and is shown in figure 3-106. In normal flight, you will probably want to view this page quite often. A NAV 1 page displays the following information:

66.1nm ∂∆ KAUG 132kt > ««««∑∏π«««« ∫ >Leg DTK048° TK046° NAV 1 >047°To 0:30 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-106

Line 1: The active navigation leg. For Direct To operation this consists åå.ånm KBGR ∆ KAUG ∫ of the Direct To symbol, ∂∆, followed åååååå > ««««∑∏π«««« >Leg DTK237° TK233° by the active Direct To waypoint iden- NAV 1 >234°To 0:22 tifier (figure 3-106). For the leg of a APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH flight plan this consists of the “from” FIgure 3-107 waypoint identifier and the active “to” waypoint identifier (figure 3-107). An arrow ∆ precedes the active waypoint identifier. Line 2: A cyclic field which can either be (1) a course deviation indicator (CDI) that graphically displays left and right deviation from desired track (figure 3-107), or (2) The direction to fly to intercept the åå.ånm KBGR ∆ KAUG desired track and the crosstrack åååååå >Fly L 0.4nm >Leg DTK237° TK233° distance (figure 3-108). In either 0:22 case, the same information is NAV 1 >234°To APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH displayed. This is a cyclic field, so Figure 3-108 you can change back and forth from the two options by turning on the cursor (B) over the second line and pressing the E button. The CDI’s vertical bar operates like a navigation deviation needle on a conventional CDI or HSI using VOR/Localizer navigation. An oncourse indication is displayed when the vertical deviation bar is centered on the triangle in the middle of the CDI. In both modes (Leg and OBS, see section 4.5), each dot represents one nautical mile

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deviation from the desired track. Therefore, the CDI shows course deviation five nautical miles left and right of course. A vertical deviation bar positioned two dots to the right of the center triangle indicates the aircraft is two nautical miles to the left of course (figure 3-109). KAUG

KBGR ∆ KAUG > ««««∑∏π∫««« DTK232° TK233° >234°To 0:02

2N M

KBGR

Figure 3-109

The numerical crosstrack distance display is especially handy when more than five nautical miles off of course (naturally, you yourself would never deviate more than five nm off course, but not everyone is as good a pilot as you are!) If your crosstrack distance was 13.1 nautical miles left of course, the graphic CDI needle will be pegged on the right side (which doesn’t tell you much). But this presentation will show you exactly how far off course you are (figure 3-112). When the KLN 35A is not usable for navigation, the crosstrack distance will be

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>Leg DTK---° TK---° NAV 1 >---°To --:--

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-111 åå.ånm KBGR ∆ KAUG åååååå >Fly R 13.1nm >Leg DTK232° TK233° NAV 1 >234°To 0:22 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-112 --.-nm ------ >Fly --.-nm >Leg DTK---° TK---° NAV 1 >---°To --:-APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-113

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The center triangle also serves as the CDI’s TO/FROM indicator and operates in the same manner as a conventional CDI TO/FROM indica- åå.ånm KBGR ∆ KAUG > ««««“‘∫«««« tor; a triangle pointing up indicates åååååå >Leg DTK232° TK233° NAV 1 >234°To 0:02 “to” the active waypoint while a “down” triangle (figure 3-110) APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH indicates “from” the active waypoint. Figure 3-110 The word FLAG is displayed over the CDI when the KLN 35A is not --.-nm usable for navigation (figure 3-111). ------ > ««F«L A«G««

Basic GPS Operation dashed out (figure 3-113). Line 3: Magnetic desired track, and magnetic actual track (see Appendix A for navigation terms). In normal on-course flight, it is desirable to steer the aircraft to keep these two numbers equal.

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Line 4: A cyclic field which can display either bearing to the active waypoint (To) or radial from the active waypoint (Fr) relative to the present position. By placing the cursor over this field and pressing the E button, you may toggle between the two options.

NOTE: Due to “great circle” courses and magnetic variation differences between present position and the active waypoint, the To bearing and From radial may not be exactly 180° different from each other when the system is in the Leg mode. This condition is most likely to occur when long distances are involved, and/or you are operating in very northerly or southerly latitudes. See figure 3-114 for an example depicting a case like this. The aircraft is somewhere over Georgia, and the active waypoint is KPHX. The bearing to steer is 269°, and radial is 72°. Generally, you will want to use bearing (not radial) when long distances are involved.

N

N 72°

KPHX 269°

Figure 3-114

Line 4 also displays the estimated time en route (ETE) from present

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position to active waypoint.

3.10.2. THE NAVIGATION 2 (NAV 2) PAGE

åå.ånm åååååå >Leg NAV 2

>Present Posn N 38°53.74' W 94°53.39'

The NAV 2 pages in figures 3-115 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH and 3-116 display the aircraft’s Figure 3-115 present position in one of two formats. The first line is a cyclic field >Present Posn which allows you to toggle between åå.ånm åååååå >Leg Ref: OJC formats. When the NAV 2 page is 310°Fr 9.5nm first displayed, it defaults to present NAV 2 position in terms of the radial and APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Figure 3-116 distance from a nearby VOR. You can change the reference waypoint from the nearby VOR to any waypoint.

To change the NAV 2 page present position reference waypoint:

åå.ånm åååååå >Leg CRSR

>Present Posn Ref: OJC 346°Fr 28.6nm

2. Use the right inner and outer knobs to enter the waypoint you wish to use as a reference. 3. Press F. The waypoint page for the identifier just entered will be displayed. 4. If this is the waypoint you intended, press F again. The display will return to the NAV 2 page (figure 3-118).

åå.ånm åååååå >Leg NAV 2

>Present Posn Ref: KMKC 219°Fr 22.2nm

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-118

NOTE: If you change the reference waypoint, change to a page other than the NAV 2 page, then turn back to the NAV 2 page, the reference waypoint will revert back to a nearby VOR.

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1. With the NAV 2 page on the APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH radial and distance from a Figure 3-117 reference waypoint format, turn on the cursor (B) and move it to the Ref: field (figure 3-117).

Basic GPS Operation By turning on the cursor (B) over the first line and pressing E, you can change to the latitude and åå.ånm Time CDT 1605 longitude format.

3.10.3. THE NAVIGATION 3 (NAV 3) PAGE

åååååå Depart >Leg ETA KIXD NAV 3 Flight

1343 1710 2:22

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-119 The Navigation (NAV) 3 page shows you several important times pertaining to your flight (figure 3-119). Line 1: The current system time zone and time. The time zone may be changed by turning the cursor (B) on over it and turning the right inner knob. All times shown on the NAV 3 page are in terms of the system time zone (except for the flight time, which is an elapsed time).

Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3

Line 2: The time of departure. This is the time when a valid groundspeed was first greater than 30 knots (typically during takeoff). Line 3: Estimated time of arrival at your destination. If the active waypoint is not part of the active flight plan, the active waypoint will be the destination. Otherwise, the last waypoint in your active flight plan will be the destination. Line 4: The elapsed flight time, which will be the hours and minutes since the departure time.

3.10.4. THE NAVIGATION 4 (NAV 4) PAGE The NAV 4 page is a graphical moving map which offers excellent “bird’s-eye-view” situational awareness to you as the pilot in command. This page can show you where you are and where you’re headed relative to your active flight % plan or leg, your destination way- 25.8nm OMN% KCVN point(s), the nearby airports and SGJ %SGJ VORs, and even the boundaries of {>Leg " >117kt KJAX% 100 nearby special use airspace! APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-120 The NAV 4 page (figure 3-120) is a little bit different than some of the other KLN 35A pages. Instead of displaying the page type and number (i.e. NAV 4) in the lower left corner of the screen, an additional piece of navigation data is displayed here. We’re willing to bet you’ll know

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this is the NAV 4 page anyway, because of its unique graphics. The left side of the screen displays the distance to go, active waypoint identifier, and mode annunciation (either Leg, or the OBS selected course), just like it usually would, but the fourth line is a cyclic field for which you may select: Magnetic Desired Track (degrees) Groundspeed (knots) Estimated Time Enroute (hours:minutes) Crosstrack Correction (nautical miles)

DTK123 123kt 1:23 1.23→

NOTE: Magnetic desired track may only be selected when KLN 35A is in the Leg navigation mode. When the KLN 35A is in the OBS mode, the “desired track” is the same as the OBS selected course displayed on line 3. 25.8nm SGJ {>Leg >117kt

OMN%

%KCVN

OTH

Now we move on to the map display area on the right side of the screen. In all KLN 35A installations there are three common map orientation formats that may be selected on the NAV 4 page: a True North up display, a desired track up display, or an actual track up display. When the North up display is selected, viewing the NAV 4 page is like looking at a navigation chart with North at the top. When the desired track up display is selected the NAV 4 page is like looking at a chart that is turned so that your course line is always pointing up. When the actual track up display is selected, viewing the NAV 4 page is like looking at a chart that is turned so that the direction the aircraft is tracking over the ground is pointing up. In a no-wind condition, actual track is identical to the aircraft’s heading. CAUTION: When using the actual track up format it is typical for there to be a slight delay from the time a heading change is made until the correct map orientation is displayed. Be careful when using either the desired track up display or the actual track up display to not think that a heading up display is being used.

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To change the data displayed in this %SGJ " cyclic field, simply turn on the cursor 100 KJAX% (B), rotate the right outer knob APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET counterclockwise to position the curFigure 3-121 sor over this field (figure 3-121), and press the E button to choose the desired information.

Basic GPS Operation When you are navigating with a flight plan (see section 4.2), the NAV 4 page displays the waypoints of the active flight plan (FPL 0) with their waypoint identifiers (figure 3-121). Course lines connect the flight plan waypoints.

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When operating Direct To a waypoint which is not in the active flight plan, the direct to waypoint is shown on the map, and although the waypoints of the active flight plan are still shown on the screen, they are not connected by course lines (figure 3-122).

28.0nm 2CB {>Leg >117kt

%ORL % OMN 60

2CB% % " %KJAX SGJ

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-122

In the lower left corner of the map display area is the map range scale in nautical miles. The range scale indicates the distance from the aircraft’s position to the top of the screen. You may select a range scale of 1 NM to 500 NM with several choices in between by turning on the cursor (B), and using 2CB% the right inner knob to select the 24.2nm 2CB desired range scale. For example, {>Leg % figure 3-123 illustrates the results of >117kt % " %KJAX SGJ 30 changing the range scale of the map APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH in figure 3-122 from 60 nautical miles Figure 3-123 to 30 nautical miles. Additionally, there is a choice called AUTO, for automatic range scaling. This choice is sandwiched between the 1 NM scale and the 500 NM scale, such that it is “below” 1 NM and “above” 500 NM. The AUTO scale factor feature “zooms” the map in and out in a useful way so that you don’t have to. Specifically, AUTO chooses the smallest map scale that will display the active waypoint and, if there is one, the waypoint after the active waypoint. Choosing the AUTO scale factor means there is one less item for you to worry about. Aside from changing the map range scale, all other customization of the map display is done from the menu. Notice that when you turn on the cursor (B), the Menu? field appears above the range scale. Turn the right outer knob one step counter-clockwise to move the cursor over the Menu? field (figure 3-124) and press F. The menu now “pops-up” on the screen (figure 3-125).

17.6nm OMN %ORL SGJ SGJ% % KORL {>Leg >117kt Menu? %" 60 KJAX APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-124 17.6nm SUA:off OMN SGJ %ORL GJ % KORL {>Leg VOR:off% APT:off >117kt %" 112° KJAX APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-125

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To select the desired NAV 4 orientation, you must first select the menu, then use the right outer knob to position the cursor over the map orientation field (figure 3-126). Rotate the right inner knob to display N↑ for North up, DTK↑ for desired track up (figure 3-127) or TK↑ for actual track up. If the cursor is located on a field other than the map orientation field, then the DTK↑ or TK↑ annunciation is replaced with the actual value. The 123° displayed in figure 3-128 shows how the actual track is displayed when the cursor is not over the map orientation field.

17.6nm SUA:off OMN ORL SGJ % % KORL % {>Leg VOR:offGJ >117kt APT:off%" TK‡ KJAX APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-126 17.6nm SUA:off OMN SGJ %ORL GJ % KORL {>Leg VOR:off% >117kt APT:off%" DTK‡ KJAX APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-127 17.6nm SUA:off OMN SGJ %ORL GJ % KORL {>Leg VOR:off% APT:off >117kt %" 123° KJAX

Notice that in both the North up format and the desired track up format, the aircraft’s position is depicted by a diamond. In the actual track up format, the aircraft’s position is depicted by an aircraft symbol. You may choose to have nearby airports, VORs, and special use airspace (SUA) displayed on the moving map! To do so, use the pop-up menu by turning on the cursor and selecting Menu?. When the menu is first displayed the cursor will be on the SUA selection field. Rotate the right inner knob to select on or off. When SUAs are selected, the five nearest SUAs are displayed. However, they will not be displayed on map range scales larger than 160 NM. Special use airspace areas are displayed regardless of your altitude relative to the airspace. The nearest SUA feature (section 3.8.2) and the SUA alerting feature (section 3.15) will indicate the altitude limits of the airspace to you. Section 3.15 will also help you understand more about the KLN 35A special use airspace features as well as the types of SUA that are included in the KLN 35A data base.

NOTE: Only the outer lateral boundaries are displayed for Class B, Class C, CTA, and TMA airspace. The actual SUA may have different lateral limits (i.e. smaller) depending on your present altitude.

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Actual track up display is usually preferred for use in flight. However, the APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH track up display is only usable when Figure 3-128 the aircraft is moving 2 knots or more so the North up display may be a good choice if you are stationary.

Basic GPS Operation In the same manner, the nearest VORs and/or airports may be selected by first using the right outer knob to move the cursor over the 17.6nm SUA:on OMN ORL VOR or APT selection field and then SGJ % % VOR:offGJ KORL % using the right inner knob to select on {>Leg >117kt APT:on %" 123° KJAX or off. The example in figure 3-129 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH shows SUAs and airports having Figure 3-129 been selected. When the desired selections have been made, press the B button to remove the menu from the screen (figure 3-130). Notice that the nearest airports are depicted with a small symbol, while the VORs are shown as a small box ( ).

#

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$

17.6nm SGJ {>Leg >117kt

%SGJ

25

#2CB

" #KNIP

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-130

One last item of interest on this page: you may change the active waypoint to any of the flight plan waypoints without having to leave the map display. This is done by pulling the right inner knob to the “out” or “scan” position. This will cause the identifier for the active waypoint to be displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen (figure 3-131). The waypoint displayed in this area will be the 17.6nm SUA:on OMN %ORL default waypoint when D is SGJ GJ % KORL {>Leg VOR:off% pressed. By turning the right inner >117kt APT:on %" SGJ 123° KJAX knob it is possible to scan through the APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH waypoints of the active flight plan Figure 3-131 (FPL 0). Turning the knob clockwise will scan through the waypoints in sequence until the end of the flight plan is reached. Turning the knob counter-clockwise will scan through the active flight plan in reverse order until the beginning of the flight plan is reached. Pushing the right inner knob back to the “in” position will remove this text from the map display area. The following hints will make using the NAV 4 page more enjoyable. • It is easy to clutter the display with so much data that it is unusable. Select a range scale that allows an uncluttered presentation of the chosen SUAs, VORs, and airports. Or, select another combination of these from the menu. Experiment and continue to make new selections for different phases of your trip.

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• Press E to instantly declutter the SUA, VOR, and airport selections from the graphics display. Flight plan and Direct To waypoints will still be displayed. Press E again to restore the selections. CAUTION: The NAV 4 page does not display weather, terrain, or other data.

3.11. WAYPOINT PAGES NOTE: Each of the waypoint page types includes a cyclic field which displays present magnetic bearing to or magnetic radial from the waypoint. Due to “great circle” courses and magnetic variation differences between present position and the active waypoint, the To bearing and From radial may not be exactly 180° different from each other. This condition is most likely to occur when long distances are involved, and/or you are operating in very northerly or southerly latitudes. See section 3.10.1 and figure 3-114 for more details. Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3

3.11.1. AIRPORT PAGES 3.11.1.1. The Airport 1 (APT 1) Page See figure 3-132. Line 1: The ICAO identifier (see section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint. The airport elevation above MSL in feet, which is rounded to the nearest 10 feet.

åå.ånm KLIT 260ft åååååå ADAMS >Leg LITTLE ROCK APT 1 AR APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-132

Line 2: The name of the airport. Line 3: The city where the airport is located. Line 4: The State if the airport is located in the U.S., the Province if KSZL 870ft located in Canada, or the country if åå.ånm åååååå WHITEMAN AFB outside the U.S. and Canada. A list>Leg KNOB NOSTER MILITARY ing of the abbreviations used for APT 1 MO States, Provinces, and countries is APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH contained in Appendix D. The right Figure 3-133 side of line 4 will read MILITARY if it is a military airport (Figure 3-133) or PRIVATE if it is a private-use airport.

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Basic GPS Operation If the airport is being viewed as part of the nearest airports list (see section 3.8.1, “Viewing the Nearest Waypoints”), the APT 1 page format will differ as follows (see figure 3134):

åå.ånm KLIT 3 260ft åååååå ADAMS >Leg 7200ft HRD L APT 1 >103°To 14.5nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-134

Line 1: After the airport identifier, the number designating the airport’s position in the nearest airport list is displayed. In figure 3-134, KLIT is the third nearest airport. Line 2: Same as a normal APT 1 page. Line 3: The length, surface, and lighting of the longest runway.

Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3

Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the airport and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to the airport.

3.11.1.2. The Airport 2 (APT 2) Page See figure 3-135. Line 1: The ICAO identifier (see section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint.

åå.ånm KLIT åååååå N 34°43.74' >Leg W 92°13.47' APT 2 >103°To 14.5nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-135 Lines 2-3: The latitude and longitude of the airport reference point (the “official” location of the airport). Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the airport and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to the airport. If the airport is being viewed as part of the nearest airports list (see section 3.8.1, “Viewing the Nearest Waypoints”), the APT 2 page format will differ as follows (see figure 3-136):

åå.ånm KLIT 3 åååååå LITTLE ROCK >Leg AR APT 2 >103°To 14.5nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-136

Line 1: After the airport identifier, the number designating the air-

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port’s position in the nearest airport list is displayed. Line 2: The city where the airport is located. Line 3: The State if the airport is located in the US., the Province if located in Canada, or the country if outside the US. and Canada. A listing of the abbreviations used for States, Provinces, and countries is contained in Appendix D. The right side of line 4 displays MILITARY if it is a military airport or PRIVATE if it is a private-use airport. Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the airport and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to the airport.

3.11.1.3. The Airport 3 (APT 3) Page See figure 3-137.

Line 1: The ICAO identifier (see section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint. To the right is the runway designation for the first runway on the page.

NOTE: In some parts of the world, runway numbers are based on true runway heading rather than magnetic. These runways are prevalent in northern Canada, where there is a large magnetic variation gradient. For these runways, a ¶ symbol separates the two runway numbers (example 14¶32). Line 2: The runway length for the first runway listed on the page, the runway surface type and the type of lighting (blank if none).

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The APT 3 page displays the runway åå.ånm KLIT 04R/22L 7200' HRD L designation, length, surface, and åååååå >Leg 04L/22R lighting for up to five runways in order APT+3 7173' HRD L of length, beginning with the longest APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH runway. Since there are many times Figure 3-137 when all of an airport’s runway information does not fit on one page, additional APT 3 pages are used to display the data. Remember that a “+” inserted between the page type and the number (APT+3 in this case) is used to indicate that there is more than one Airport 3 page.

Basic GPS Operation Runway surface abbreviations: HRD Hard surface TRF Turf GRV Gravel CLY Clay SND Sand DRT Dirt SNW Snow ICE Ice SHL Shale MAT Steel mat

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Runway lighting Abbreviations: L Sunset to sunrise LPC Pilot controlled lighting LPT Part-time or on-request lighting Lines 3-4: Runway information for the next shortest runway (if any), in the same format as lines 1 and 2. In the event that there is no runway information for an airport, the following message is displayed on the APT 3 page: No Runway Data

3.11.1.4. THE AIRPORT 4 (APT 4) PAGE See figure 3-138. Line 1: The ICAO identifier (see section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint.

åå.ånm KLIT åååååå ATIS >Leg PTX APT+4 TWR *

125.60 118.95 121.90

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-138

Lines 2-4: The VHF communication frequencies associated with the airport. The type and frequency is listed. The abbreviations are: AAS AFIS ARVL APR ATF AWOS ATIS CL B

aeronautical advisory service aerodrome flight information service arrival approach aerodrome traffic frequency automatic weather observing station automatic terminal information service class B airspace (formerly terminal control area)(VFR frequency)

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KLN 35A Pilot’s Guide CL C CLR CTA CTAF CTR DEP DIR GRND MCOM MF PCL PTAX RAMP RDR TMA TWR UNIC

Basic GPS Operation

class C airspace (formerly airport radar service area) (VFR frequency) clearance delivery control area (VFR frequency used outside the U.S.) common traffic advisory frequency center (when center is used for approach/departure control) departure director (approach control/radar) ground control multicom mandatory frequency pilot-controlled lighting pre-taxi clearance ramp/taxi control radar-only frequency terminal area (VFR frequency used outside the U.S.) control tower unicom

The frequencies associated with Class B or C airspace, CTA or TMA are VFR frequencies. Airports which have one of these categories of frequencies also have APR and DEP which are IFR frequencies. Where required, APR, DEP, CL B, CL C, CTA, and TMA frequencies are sectorized. That is, a frequency may be used only within a certain range of radials from a designated reference location. The format for displaying the sectorization is to show the frequency first, followed by the identifier of the associated reference point, followed next by the associated altitude restrictions. For example, figure 3139 shows that the Orlando approach KORL control frequency 121.10 MHz is used åå.ånm åååååå APR 121.10 >Leg KMCO 311°-060° between the 311° radial and the 60° Below 5500' radial from KMCO (Orlando APT+4 International Airport) for altitudes at APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH and below 5500 feet. Figure 3-139 In a few cases, APR, DEP, CL B, CL C, CTA, and TMA frequencies are sectorized such that the restrictions cannot be displayed on a single page. When this occurs the following message is displayed on the APT 4 page: Text of Freq Use Not Displayed

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Part-time operation, such as for a control tower, is indicated with an asterisk (*) to the right of an airport frequency.

Basic GPS Operation 3.11.1.5. The Airport 5 (APT 5) Page See figure 3-140. Line 1: The ICAO identifier (see section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint.

åå.ånm åååååå >Leg APT 5

KLIT [Remarks]

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-140

Lines 2-4: The pilot-entered remarks for the airport. Three lines of 14 characters each are available for the remarks. These remarks might include information on lodging, dining, airport services, etc. Up to 100 waypoints may include remarks. Letters, numbers, hyphens, and spaces may be used in the remark. If no remarks have been entered for the airport, line 2 will display “[Remarks]”.

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To enter an airport remark on the APT 5 page: 1. Turn on the cursor and move it until the cursor fills line 2 of the screen (figure 3-141).

åå.ånm åååååå >Leg CRSR

KLIT [Remarks]

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

2. With the right inner knob, select the desired character, if any, and move the cursor to the next character on the line (figure 3-142). 3. Repeat step 2 as necessary.

Figure 3-141 åå.ånm KLIT åååååå G #>Leg CRSR APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-142 4. Press F to approve each line of remarks. The cursor will automatically move to the next line (see figure 3-143). 5. Turn the cursor off when you are finished creating the remark (figure 3-144).

åå.ånm KLIT åååååå GREEN CAB CO >Leg CRSR APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-143 åå.ånm KLIT åååååå GREEN CAB CO >Leg 555-9999 APT 5

The Other 4 (OTH 4) page is a list of waypoints with associated remarks. APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH Sometimes these are deleted if there Figure 3-144 are more than 100 waypoints with remarks, or if the remarks are no longer relevant. If you wish to delete a waypoint remark for an airport, see section 3.13.2.2.

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3.11.2. VOR PAGES Two pages of information may be displayed for each VOR in the KLN 35A. Sample VOR pages are shown in figures 3-145 through 3-147.

3.11.2.1. The VOR 1 Page See figure 3-145. Line 1: The VOR identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint. To the right of the identifier is the frequency of the VOR in megahertz.

åå.ånm MEX 117.00 åååååå MEXICO CITY >Leg N 19°26.22' VOR 1 W 99°04.17' APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-145

Line 2: The name of the VOR. Lines 3-4: The latitude and longitude of the VOR åå.ånm MEX 2 117.00 åååååå MEXICO CITY >Leg VOR 1 >359°To 97.7nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-146 Line 1: After the VOR identifier, the number designating the VOR’s position in the nearest VOR list is displayed. In figure 3-146, MEX is the second nearest VOR. Lines 3-4: In place of the latitude/longitude, line 3 is blank and line 4 displays the magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the VOR and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to station.

3.11.2.2. The VOR 2 Page See figure 3-147. Line 1: The VOR identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint.

åå.ånm MEX åååååå Mag Var E 8° >Leg VOR 2 >359°To 97.7nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Line 2: The published magnetic staFigure 3-147 tion declination of the VOR. Magnetic station declination is another way to say the published magnetic variation for the VOR. Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the VOR and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to station.

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If the VOR is being viewed as part of the nearest VORs list (see section 3.8.1), the VOR 1 page format will differ as follows (see figure 3-146):

Basic GPS Operation 3.11.3. NDB PAGES Two pages of information may be displayed for each NDB in the KLN 35A. Sample NDB pages are shown in figures 3-148 through 3-150.

3.11.3.1. The NDB 1 Page See figure 3-148. Line 1: The NDB identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint. To the right of the identifier is the frequency of the NDB in kilohertz.

åå.ånm DFI 246 åååååå DEFIANCE >Leg N 41°20.07' NDB 1 W 84°25.62' APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-148

Line 2: The name of the NDB.

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Lines 3-4: The latitude and longitude of the NDB If the NDB is being viewed as part of the nearest NDBs list (see section 3.8.1), the NDB 1 page format will differ as follows (see figure 3-149):

åå.ånm DFI 1 246 åååååå DEFIANCE >Leg NDB 1 >021°To 2.3nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-149

Line 1: After the NDB identifier, the number designating the NDB’s position in the nearest NDB list is displayed. In figure 3-149, DFI is the nearest NDB. Lines 3-4: In place of the latitude/longitude, line 3 is blank and line 4 displays the magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the NDB and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to station.

3.11.3.2. The NDB 2 Page See figure 3-150. Line 1: The NDB identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint.

åå.ånm DFI åååååå >Leg NDB 2 >021°To

2.3nm

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-150 Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the NDB and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to station.

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3.11.4. SUPPLEMENTAL WAYPOINT PAGES The Supplemental waypoint pages (SUP 0, SUP 1, SUP 2, and SUP 3) allow you to create “custom” waypoints for use in navigation. A crop sprayer might want to create a waypoint on a field that is sprayed regularly, for instance. Another candidate might be a small airport which is not included in the KLN 35A data base. To learn how to create a user-defined waypoint, see section 4.4.

3.11.4.1. The Supplemental 0 (SUP 0) Page See figure 3-151.

NOTE: The SUP 0 page is only displayed for waypoint identifiers that do not have a previously defined position.

åå.ånm åååååå >Leg SUP 0

MYWPT USR at: User Pos L/L? User Pos R/D? Present Pos?

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-151

Line 1: The identifier for the as-yet-undefined waypoint.

3.11.4.2. The Supplemental 1 (SUP 1) Page See figure 3-152. Line 1: The user-defined waypoint identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint. To the right of the identifier are the letters “USR” to signify that this is a user-defined waypoint.

åå.ånm MYWPT USR åååååå N 40°05.48' >Leg W102°57.95' SUP 1 >134°To 2.3nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-152

Lines 2-3: The latitude and longitude of the user-defined waypoint. Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the user-defined waypoint and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to station.

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Lines 2-4: Cursor fields for the three possible user-defined waypoint creation methods. For information on creating user-defined waypoints, see section 4.4.

Basic GPS Operation 3.11.4.3. The Supplemental 2 (SUP 2) Page See figure 3-153. Line 1: The user-defined waypoint identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint. To the right of the identifier are the letters “USR” to signify that this is a user-defined waypoint.

åå.ånm åååååå >Leg SUP 2

MYWPT Ref: Rad: Dis:

USR AKO 101° 10.6nm

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-153

Line 2: The identifier of the user-defined waypoint’s reference waypoint. When this page is first viewed, the reference waypoint is the nearest VOR to the user waypoint. The reference waypoint may be changed by the pilot. However, once you leave this page and come back, the reference waypoint reverts back to a nearby VOR.

Basic GPS Operation Chapter 3

Line 3: The magnetic radial from the reference waypoint to the user waypoint. Line 4: The distance in nautical miles from the reference waypoint to the user waypoint.

3.11.4.4. The Supplemental 3 (SUP 3) Page See figure 3-154. Line 1: The identifier of the userdefined waypoint; an arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint.

åå.ånm WPTX USR åååååå GRASS STRIP >Leg SOFT NORTH END SUP 3 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-154

Lines 2-4: The pilot-entered remarks for the user waypoint. Three lines of 14 characters each are available for the remarks. Up to 100 waypoints may include remarks. Letters, numbers, hyphens, and spaces may be used in the remark. If no remarks have been entered for the user-defined waypoint, line 2 will display [Remarks].

To enter a user-defined waypoint remark on the SUP 3 page: 1. Turn on the cursor and move it until the cursor fills line 2 of the screen (figure 3-155).

åå.ånm åååååå >Leg CRSR

WPTX USR [Remarks]

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-155 2. Select the desired character, if any, and move the cursor to the

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next character on the line (figure 3-156). 3. Repeat step 2 as necessary. 4. Press F to approve each line of remarks. The cursor will automatically move to the next line (see figure 3-157). 5. Turn the cursor off when you are finished creating the remark.

åå.ånm WPTX åååååå G #>Leg CRSR

USR

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-156 åå.ånm WPTX USR åååååå GRASS STRIP >Leg CRSR APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-157 The Other 4 (OTH 4) page is a list of waypoints with associated remarks. Sometimes these are deleted if there are more than 100 waypoints with remarks, or if the remarks are no longer relevant. If you wish to delete a waypoint remark for a user-defined waypoint, see section 3.13.2.2.

3.12. VIEWING AND SETTING THE DATE AND TIME

NOTE: You will not be able to update the time or date if the KLN 35A is receiving a time and date from a satellite. To set the date on the SET 2 page: 1. Select the SET (figure 3-158).

2

page

2. Turn on the cursor. The cursor will be over the entire date field (figure 3-159). 3. Select the correct day of the month with the right inner knob.

åå.ånm åååååå >Leg SET 2

DATE/TIME 18 NOV 94 1536:03 MST Mountain Std

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-158 åå.ånm åååååå >Leg CRSR

DATE/TIME 18 NOV 94 1536:10 MST Mountain Std

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-159

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The KLN 35A system time and date should seldom, if ever, require updating because they are automatically updated when at least one satellite is received. In addition, the KLN 35A contains an internal battery powered calendar/clock to keep system time and date when the unit is not being used. You will normally check to make sure the KLN 35A is set to the correct time and date shortly after you turn the unit on while you verify the Self Test Page. You can, however, also check the time and date on the Setup (SET) 2 page anytime you desire. There are several pages as well as some internal functions of the KLN 35A, such as magnetic variation and proper use of data base information, that depend on having the proper time and date.

Basic GPS Operation 4. Move the flashing part of the cursor to the month field (middle three dashes) with the right outer knob, and select the proper month (figure 3-160). 5. Move the flashing part of the cursor to the tens digit of the year field, and select the proper number (figure 3-161). 6. Repeat step 5 for the ones digit of the year field. 7. Press F to start the KLN 35A using the newly entered date (figure 3-162).

åå.ånm åååååå #>Leg CRSR

DATE/TIME 08 DEC __ 1536:15 MST Mountain Std

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-160 åå.ånm åååååå #>Leg CRSR

DATE/TIME 08 DEC 9_ 1536:22 MST Mountain Std

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-161 åå.ånm åååååå >Leg CRSR

DATE/TIME 08 DEC 94 1536:26 MST Mountain Std

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

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Figure 3-162 To set the time on the SET 2 page: 1. Select the SET 2 page if it is not already selected. 2. Turn on the cursor and move it to the time zone field (figure 3-163). 3. Change the time zone with the right inner knob, if desired (figure 3-164). A listing of the time zones and their abbreviations is contained in section 3.2, “Turn-on and Self Test”. 4. Move the cursor to the time field. The hours and minutes will appear in inverse video. 5. Select the correct hour (figure 3-165). Remember, the KLN 35A uses 24 hour time. If it is 1:00 P.M. or later, add 12 hours (for example, 2:30 P.M. becomes 14:30).

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åå.ånm åååååå >Leg CRSR

DATE/TIME 08 DEC 94 1536:30 MST Mountain Std

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-163 åå.ånm åååååå >Leg CRSR

DATE/TIME 08 DEC 94 1536:31 MDT Mountain Day

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-164 åå.ånm åååååå #>Leg CRSR

DATE/TIME 08 DEC 94 14__:42 MDT Mountain Day

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-165

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6. Move the flashing part of the cursor to the tens of minutes, select the proper number (figure 3-166), then move on to the last digit and set it. 7. Press F to start the clock running (figure 3-167). Note that the seconds will reset to zero when you do this.

åå.ånm åååååå #>Leg CRSR

DATE/TIME 08 DEC 94 143_:42 MDT Mountain Day

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-166 åå.ånm åååååå >Leg CRSR

DATE/TIME 08 DEC 94 1430:00 MDT Mountain Day

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-167

3.13.

THE OTHER (OTH) PAGES

3.13.1. DETERMINING THE STATUS OF THE GPS SIGNALS

The GPS receiver in the KLN 35A is capable of using signals from up to eight satellites to determine its position. A valid position may be determined using as few as four satellites alone or three satellites with a valid altitude input. However, four satellites alone or three satellites with an altitude input do not necessarily ensure that navigation can take place. The satellites must be positioned relative to your location such that sufficient “geometry” exists to determine an accurate position. the satellite constellation geometry is continually changing as each satellite, “rises”, travels across the sky, and eventualy “sets” relative to your position. The GPS satellites are not in geosynchronous orbits positioned over the same spot on earth at all times like some television communication satellites with which you may be familiar. Rather, the GPS satellites are in orbits that allow them to circle the earth about two times each day.

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The Other (OTH) 1 and OTH 2 pages may be viewed at any time to determine the status of the GPS receiver and the GPS satellites being received. This includes which satellites are being tracked, the satellites’ health, the signal-to-noise ratio for each of these satellites, the elevation of each satellite above the horizon, and the estimated position error.

Basic GPS Operation A representative OTH 1 page is shown in figure 3-168. The OTH 1 page displays the GPS receiver state and the system’s estimate of the position error expressed in nautical miles.

åå.ånm State NAV D åååååå >Leg Estimated Posn OTH 1 Error 0.02nm APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

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Figure 3-168 The GPS state is indicated on line 1. The possibilities are: INIT initialization ACQ acquisition TRAN transition NAV navigation NAV A navigation with altitude aiding NAV D navigation with data collection DEGRD navigation with position degradation FAILR receiver failure In the initialization state the GPS receiver is in the process of initializing itself, collecting information such as the date, time, and last present position. Next, the receiver collects data from its own memory to determine which satellites should be visible. After completing the initialization process the receiver begins the acquisition process. During this time, the visible satellites are being acquired and data is obtained from them. The transition state indicates an adequate number of satellites for navigation has been acquired and is being tracked but no position data can yet be produced. Normal navigation is indicated by a NAV, NAV A, or NAV D GPS state. NAV A indicates that the altitude input is being used in the position solution. NAV D indicates that besides calculation position, the receiver is collecting and storing in its memory additional data from the satellites (called ephemeris and almanac data). Lines 3 and 4 of the OTH 1 page display the KLN 35A’s estimated position error. The KLN 35A’s position error depends upon such factors as the number of satellites being received, the strength of the GPS signals, and the geometry of the satellites presently being used for navigation.

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Figures 3-169, 3-170 and 3-171 show a representative example of a set of OTH 2 pages. There will be three OTH 2 pages if more than six satellites are being received as in this example. The following information is displayed for each satellite on the OTH 2 pages: •

The specific GPS satellites or “space vehicles” (SV) being received are displayed in the left column. Each satellite has its own identification number. A * symbol to the right of the satellite number indicates this particular satellite is not presently being used in the navigation position solution.

åå.ånm åååååå >Leg OTH+2

SV Hlt SNR 02 Good 41 11 Good 32 16*Weak 31

Ele 43° 07° 76°

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-169 åå.ånm åååååå >Leg OTH+2

SV Hlt SNR 18 Good 39 20 Good 47 23*Good 34

Ele 21° 88° 09°

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-170 åå.ånm SV Hlt SNR Ele åååååå 25 Good 41 52° >Leg OTH+2 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-171

The satellite’s “health” (Hlt) is indicated to the right of the satellite number. This health information is transmitted by the satellites.

•

The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR in decibels) for each satellite is displayed in the middle column and indicates the signal strength for each satellite. The higher the SNR value the stronger the signal. Values usable for navigation will be in the mid 30s to mid 50s; however, typical values are in the middle of this range.

•

The elevation (Ele) above the horizon for each satellite is provided in the right column and will range from 5° to 90°.

3.13.2. VIEWING AND DELETING USER WAYPOINTS AND WAYPOINT REMARKS The OTH 3 and OTH 4 pages list the user-defined waypoints and waypoint remarks, respectively, which are currently stored in the KLN 35A’s memory.

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•

Basic GPS Operation 3.13.2.1.The OTH 3 Page An example of an OTH 3 page is åå.ånm User Waypoints shown in figure 3-172. All currently åååååå LAKE >Leg MYRWY 0 stored user-defined waypoints are OTH+3 WPTX 5 listed in alphanumeric order. If the APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH user-defined waypoint is the active Figure 3-172 waypoint, an arrow (∆) follows the identifier. If the waypoint is used in one or more flight plans, then the number of the first flight plan in which it is used is displayed on the right side. If there are more than three user waypoints in storage, you can see the rest of the list by turning on the cursor (B) and turning the right outer knob to scroll through the list.

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To delete a user-defined waypoint from the OTH 3 page: 1. Turn on the cursor and position it over the desired waypoint (figure 3-173). If there are more than three user-defined waypoint, you will have to scroll the cursor down the list. 2. Press E. The KLN 35A will ask if you wish to delete that userwaypoint (figure 3-174). If the waypoint is active or used in a flight plan, the deletion will not be allowed and you will receive a scratchpad message telling you this (figure 3-175).

åå.ånm User Waypoints åååååå LAKE >Leg MYRWY 0 CRSR WPTX 5 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-173 åå.ånm User Waypoints åååååå Del LAKE ? #>Leg MYRWY 0 CRSR WPTX 5 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-174 åå.ånm User Waypoints åååååå LAKE Used MYRWY 0 In Fpl WPTX 5 APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-175 3. Press F to approve the deletion (figure 3-176).

åå.ånm User Waypoints åååååå MYRWY 0 >Leg WPTX 5 OTH+3 ZIPPY APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-176

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3.13.2.2. The OTH 4 Page An example of an OTH 4 page is åå.ånm WPTS w/Remarks shown in figure 3-177. All waypoints åååååå FARM U >Leg KISM A with remarks are listed in OTH 4 K57 A alphanumeric order. Remarks can be APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH stored for airports (on the APT 5 Figure 3-177 page) or user-defined waypoints (on the SUP 3 page). If the waypoint is an airport, then an “A” is displayed on the right side; likewise, a “U” represents a user-defined waypoint. If there are more than three waypoints, you can see the rest of the list by turning on the cursor (B) and turning the right outer knob to scroll through the list.

To delete a waypoint remark from the OTH 4 page:

2. Press E. The KLN 35A will ask if you wish to delete that remark (figure 3-179). 3. Press F to approve the deletion.

åå.ånm Wpts w/Remarks åååååå FARM U >Leg KISM A CRSR K57 A APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-178 åå.ånm Wpts w/Remarks åååååå FARM U #>Leg Del KISM A? CRSR K57 A APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-179

3.13.3. VIEWING THE KLN 35A SOFTWARE STATUS The OTH 5 page (figure 3-180) shows the software revision status of the KLN 35A host computer (line 2), the GPS receiver (line 3), and data base (line 4).

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åå.ånm åååååå >Leg OTH 5

SW REVISION Host 03 Rcvr 02 DB 001

APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-180

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1. Turn on the cursor and position it over the desired waypoint (figure 3-178). If there are more than three airports with remarks, you will have to scroll the cursor down the list.

Basic GPS Operation 3.14.

REMOTE MOUNTED ANNUNCIATORS

The KLN 35A has outputs capable of driving two remote annunciator lights: waypoint alert and WPT message. Although these annunciators are optional, it is desirable to have them mounted in the pilot’s MSG normal scan area so that these annunciators are easily seen. A typical annunciator is shown in figure 3-181; however, actual annunciation abbreviations Figure 3-181 and configurations may be different. The remote waypoint alert annunciator is on whenever waypoint alerting is occurring. See sections 3.9.3, “Waypoint Alerting for Direct To Operation” and 4.2.2, “Turn Anticipation and Waypoint Alerting”. The remote message annunciator is on whenever the message prompt is on. See section 3.5.

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3.15.

SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE ALERTING

The KLN 35A data base contains the location of areas of special use airspace (SUA). The types of SUA areas stored in the data base and the abbreviations used to denote these areas are the following: Class B Class C Control Area (used outside USA) Terminal Area (used outside USA) Alert Area Danger Area Prohibited Area Restricted Area Terminal Radar Service Area

CL B CL C CTA TMA ALRT DNGR PROH REST TRSA

NOTE: The KLN 35A data base does not include Military Operations areas (MOAs), Warning areas, Training areas or Caution areas. The KLN 35A will normally alert you prior to entering one of these areas with a message prompt. When the Message page is viewed it will Alert display Airspace Alert and will also *Airspace COLUMBUS FOUR MOA display the name and type of the spe1000 ft to 18000 ft MEM Center cial use airspace (figure 3-182). If the APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH special use airspace is a Class B, Class C, CTA, or TMA, the message Figure 3-182

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page will also instruct you to press the E button if you wish to see the Airport 4 page (airport communications) for the primary airport so that the correct communications frequency may be determined (figure 3-183).

*Airspace Alert OMAHA CL C Below 5000 ft CLR for KOMA Freq APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-183

NOTE: In addition to the message page messages that alert you to special use airspace, the KLN 35A can also display the five nearest areas of SUA. It will even give you the direction and distance to the nearest edge of the SUA. See section 3.8.2 for more details.

Since the altitude input to the KLN 35A is pressure altitude from an altitude encoder, you must manually update the KLN 35A with an altimeter åå.ånm Baro: 29.95" setting (baro correction) in order to åååååå Ind Alt 8500' >Leg Baro Unit: " receive accurate SUA alerting. You CRSR Inches may easily update the altimeter APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH setting by selecting the SET 8 page Figure 3-184 (figure 3-184) The right inner knob is used to change the altimeter setting. When the setting is complete, turn off the cursor. CAUTION: Failure to keep the altimeter baro setting updated will result in inaccurate special use airspace alerting. If this feature is used, it is a good idea to update the altimeter baro setting on the SET 8 page each time you make a change to an aircraft’s altimeter setting.

NOTE: If there is no altitude input to the KLN 35A, all altitudes will be regarded as being within the boundary of the SUA area.

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The SUA alert feature is three dimensional. The SUA areas are stored in the KLN 35A data base with regard to altitude when the actual SUA altitude limitations are charted in terms of mean sea level (MSL). Therefore, if you are flying either above or below an SUA area you won’t be inconvenienced with nuisance alert messages. However, if the actual lower limit of an SUA is charted in terms of an altitude above ground level (AGL), then it is stored in the KLN 35A as all altitude below the upper limit of the SUA. If the actual upper limit of an SUA is charted in terms of AGL, it is stored in the KLN 35A as “unlimited”.

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Only the outer lateral boundaries are stored for Class B, Class C, CTA, and TMA airspace. These SUA areas are stored as “cylinders” of airspace so all altitudes below the upper limit of these areas are considered to be in the SUA. The message prompt for a special use airspace alert will occur when the aircraft’s position is at a point such that a projection of the aircraft’s existing track over the ground is approximately 10 minutes from penetrating the outer boundary of one of these areas. It will also occur if the aircraft is within approximately 10 MIN two nautical miles of 2 MILES one of these areas even if the aircraft’s projected track over the ground won’t actually penetrate the SUA area (figure 3-185). If one of the SUA areas is penetrated, another message will state: Figure 3-185 Inside SUA. The SUA alert feature may be disabled (or enabled) on the Setup 7 (SET 7) page, shown in figure 3-186. SUA ALERT Select the SET 7 page, turn on the åå.ånm åååååå DISABLED cursor (B). The right inner knob is >Leg used to choose between SUA ALERT SET 7 ENABLED and SUA ALERT DIS- APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH ABLED. Figure 3-186 If the SUA alert feature has been enabled, the KLN 35A allows you to select a vertical buffer on the SET 7 page in order to provide an additional layer of protection from inadvertently entering an SUA. To select a vertical buffer, make sure the SUA alert feature has been enabled. Turn on the cursor (B) (figure 3-187) and then use the right inner knob to select the buffer (figure 3-188). The buffer may be selected in one hundred foot increments. After the desired selection has been made, turn the B off.

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åå.ånm SUA ALERT åååååå ENABLED >Leg Buffer:±00500' CRSR APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-187 åå.ånm SUA ALERT åååååå ENABLED >Leg Buffer:±01000' CRSR APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-188

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The vertical buffer serves to “stretch” the SUA area in both directions (up and down) by the selected buffer altitude. For example, let’s say you have selected a buffer of 1,000 feet and the actual SUA area exists from 5,000 feet MSL to 12,000 feet MSL. In this case you will receive SUA alert messages if you fly at any altitude between 4,000 and 13,000 feet MSL. CAUTION: It is the pilot’s responsibility to avoid those areas of special use airspace where ATC clearance to penetrate is required but has not been obtained. The KLN 35A’s special use airspace alert is only a tool to assist the pilot and should never be relied upon as the sole means of avoiding these areas.

3.16 SAMPLE TRIP

3.16.1 PRE-DEPARTURE 1. Apply power to the KLN 35A by pushing the power switch to the ON position. 2. Verify that the information on the Self Test and Initialization pages is correct, including the time and date. Enter the altimeter baro setting. Position the cursor over Ok? and press F to approve the Initialization page. 3. Read the Data Base page and acknowledge it by pressing F. 4. The APT 4 page for Adams field (KLIT), which shows the communications frequencies, is now displayed on the screen since KLIT was the active waypoint when you last removed power from the KLN 35A. The first APT 4 page indicates that the ATIS frequency is 125.65 MHz, the pre-taxi clearance delivery frequency is 118.95 MHz, and the ground control frequency is 121.90 MHz. After listening to ATIS, we contact clearance delivery for our clearance out of the Little Rock Class C airspace. Next, we give ground control a call and receive our taxi clearance. 5. By this time the KLN 35A has reached a NAV ready status. We can verify this by turning to the NAV 2 page. It shows a valid present position, in this case 3.8 nautical miles on the 320 degree radial from Little Rock (LIT) VOR.

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We’ve talked a lot about the features of the KLN 35A, and now it’s time to put those features to work for us and try a sample trip! Our trip will be from Adams field (KLIT) in Little Rock, Arkansas to Mueller Municipal airport (KAUS) in Austin, Texas. The weather is perfect and we decide to make trip VFR and fly direct to Austin.

Basic GPS Operation 6. Press D to bring up the Direct To page. Use the right inner and outer knobs to enter the identifier of Mueller Municipal airport (KAUS) by using the right inner knob to select the characters and the right outer knob to move the flashing part of the cursor to the desired cursor location. 7. Press F. The APT 1 page for Mueller Municipal is now displayed on the screen. 8. Press F again to approve the waypoint page. The NAV 1 page is now displayed. The NAV 1 page indicates it is 384 nautical miles to Austin and that the bearing is 225 degrees. After take-off, the NAV 1 page will also display groundspeed and estimated time en route.

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3.16.2 EN ROUTE 1. We depart from runway 36 at Little Rock and are told to “maintain runway heading.” After several radar vectors for traffic avoidance we are finally cleared on course. The D-Bar indicates that the radar vectors have taken us north of the original course and we decide to proceed Direct To Austin from our present position. To recenter the D-Bar, press D, and then press F. 2. After departure control has directed “squawk 1200, frequency change approved,” you decide it would be a good idea to obtain VFR flight following. To obtain the frequency for Center, press the G button, move the cursor to the CTR? selection, and press F. The KLN 35A indicates that for our position, we should be able to contact Memphis Center on 118.85 MHz. 3. We’ve only flown about 100 nautical miles, but we begin wondering where we would go if an engine suddenly started running rough. We decide to use the KLN 35A to determine where the nearest airports are from our present location. To view the nearest airports press G, and then press F. The nearest airport is Hope Municipal (M18) which is eight nautical miles from our position on a bearing to the airport of 11 degrees. You now rotate the right inner knob to view the other APT pages for Hope Municipal. We learn, for example, that it is located in Hope, Arkansas, and has two hard surface runways that are each 5500 feet in length. By pulling the right inner knob to the “out” position, you may now scan clockwise through the remaining eight airports in the nearest airport list. 4. For the majority of the en route portion of the flight, you select the NAV 4 page’s moving map display. Pressing the right B

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button, you select the 30 nautical mile range scale using the right inner knob. Moving the cursor to Menu? And pressing F brings up the display menu on the screen. You then use the right knobs to select APT:on and SUA:on so that nearby airports and special use airspace (SUA) are shown on the moving map display. While the menu is displayed, select the track up map orientation (TK‡‡ ) as well, Pressing the B button again removes the menu from the screen. 5. Since it is a good idea to not rely on just one navigation source, we suggest you cross check the KLN 35A position against other equipment in the aircraft. The NAV 2 page indicates we are presently located on the Texarkana (TXK) VOR 68 degree radial at a distance of 19 nautical miles. By tuning our NAV receiver and DME to TXK, we are able to confirm that this is the correct position.

3.16.3 TERMINAL AREA

2. A few minutes later, the message prompt begins flashing. When you press C, the message page advises Airspace Alert Austin CL C - Below 4600 ft - CLR for KAUS Freq. The Special Use Airspace Alert feature has determined that you are within 10 minutes of penetrating the Austin Class C airspace. When you press E and view the APT 4 page for KAUS, you see that the Class C airspace frequencies are sectorized. You determine from the APT 4 page that the proper frequency to use is 124.90 MHz since we are Northeast of Austin and 124.90 MHz is the appropriate frequency to use from 3 degrees to 170 degrees. You turn to the NAV 4 page so that we can see the outer boundary of the Austin Class C airspace relative to our location and route. 3. After you call Austin approach control for clearance into the Class C airspace, you view the rest of the APT pages for KAUS to determine the field elevation and available runways. 4. After landing, the KLN 35A is turned off either by pulling the KLN 35A power knob out (to OFF), or with the avionics master switch if one is installed.

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1. About 50 nautical miles from Austin’s Mueller airport we start preparing for our arrival. Viewing the APT 4 page for KAUS you determine that the ATIS frequency is 119.20 MHz and tower is 121.00 MHz.

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