HISTORY ◄

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◄ Case studies - Oral presentations ► CS1 LEAVING HOME FOR AMERICA: (6)

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p.2-3

Leaving home: push factors (3) What were the political, economic and social reasons why immigrants wanted to leave their country? Going to America: pull factors (3) What were the political, economic and social reasons why immigrants were attracted to America? CS2 ARRIVING IN AMERICA: (5 OR 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Landing in New York City: entering the USA (3) Why was the admission process so challenging for US authorities and traumatic for immigrants, individually and collectively? Settling in America (2 or 3) Why immigrants did –or didn’t, settle in the North-East, West and South of the USA?

p.4-5

CS3 INTEGRATION OR DISCRIMINATION?: (5 OR 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Integration: forming a multicultural society (2 or 3) How can you see that immigrants formed a cosmopolitan society with strong ethnic communities? Discrimination: victims of prejudice (3) How can you see that immigrants were excluded because they were considered as a political and socio-economic threat?

p.6-7

CS4 DEPRIVATION OR SUCCESS?: (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deprivation: hard life, hard labour (2) How can you see immigrants lived and worked in terrible conditions? Success: climbing the social ladder (2) How did immigrants improve their economic situation and increase their political responsibilities?

p.8-9

CS5 THE AMERICAN DREAM TODAY: (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. Changing immigration? (3) What are the similarities and difference in the nature of immigration? The same hopes (2) What are immigrants’ hopes and were they fulfilled?

p.10-11

HISTORY ◄

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Case Study 1 ◄ Leaving home for America ► (6) I. Leaving home: push factors (3) What were the political, economic and social reasons why immigrants wanted to leave their country? Key notion

Structure

Tom Sullivan of County Kerry, Ireland, contemplates his damaged potato crop, Pictorial Times, 1846

Here & There or Emigration a Remedy, Punch Magazine, 15 July 1848

Vocabulary

The eviction of an Irish family, 1879.

Welcome to all, Joseph Keppler, Puck, 28 April 1880

HISTORY ◄

Case Study 1 ◄ Leaving home for America ► (6) II. Going to America: pull factors (3) What were the political, economic and social reasons why immigrants were attracted to America? Key notion

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Welcome to the land of freedom,

The dread of destitution is a motive to emigrate in Germany as in England; but not a principal motive. The one great cause of this almost national movement is the desire for absolute, political, and religious freedom; the absence of all restrictions upon the development of society; and the publication of opinions which cannot be realized at home.

New York City, 1887

“German Emigration”, Chamber’s Edinburgh Journal, 20 June 1846.

Structure

My cousin wrote me a letter from America. He says he's making good money -much more than he ever had at home. The factory works around the cl o ck, ev ery d ay , even Sunday! They always need new workers. He promises me I will have work if I come!

Vocabulary

An Account of California and the wonderful gold regions, pamphlet , Boston, circa 1849.

Josef, a Polish immigrant, 1895

Here & There or Emigration a Remedy, Punch Magazine, 15 July 1848

HISTORY ◄

Case Study 2 ◄ Arriving in America ► (6)

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In the overcrowded Registry Room immigrant were questioned to check their motivation and morality. Legal inspection, Ellis Island, early 1900s.

I. Landing in New York City: entering the USA (3) Why was the admission process so challenging for US authorities and traumatic for immigrants, individually and collectively?

They were several hundred immigrants in the room and seats for not more than sixty. Men, women and children were standing all day or sitting on the dirty floor.

Key notion

In the where many meals there drop water.

Structure

Two processing stations

The first immigrant-processing centre in New York City was opened in 1855 in Castle Garden. In 1892, the U.S. government established a larger immigration processing station on Ellis Island. Vocabulary

When I opened the door, the hot, foul air almost pushed me backward.

dining room, we serve as as 10,000 some days, was not a of drinking

Letter by the Commissioner of Immigration after he inspected Ellis Island in 1921.

Immigration to the USA: from a small to a mass immigration

Medical inspection on Ellis Island.

Symptoms of mental or physical illness meant treatment, quarantine or deportation

Waiting for inspection, Ellis Island 1907

HISTORY ◄

Case Study 2 ◄ Arriving in America ► (6) II. Settling in America (3) Why immigrants did –or didn’t, settle in the North-East, West and South of the USA? Key notion

Mining and ranching in the West, posters, 1898

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Working in factories: Indiana Glass Works, Lewis Hines, 1908-1912

Structure Scandinavian immigrants in the northern plains of Dakota, 1897

Where immigrants settled in the USA 1880-1900

Vocabulary Indian land sessions until 1890

Black labour in the cotton industry, Georgia, 1880

Slaves were freed in 1863 but mostly remained in the South as free workers.

HISTORY ◄

Case Study 3 ◄ Integration or discrimination? ► (5) I. Integration: forming a multicultural society (2) How can you see that immigrants formed a cosmopolitan society with strong ethnic communities? Key notion

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When once I asked the agent of a notorious Fourth Ward alley how many people might be living in it, I was told: One hundred and forty families, one hundred Irish, thirty-eight Italian, and two that spoke the German tongue. Except the agent herself, there was not a native -born individual in the court. The answer was characteristic of the cosmopolitan character of lower New York, very nearly so of the whole of it. […] The one thing you shall vainly ask for in the chief city of America is a distinctively American community. How the other half lives, Studies among the tenements of New York, by Jacob A. Riis, New York, 1890.

Old and New Immigration in the USA

The great object of each family that successively arrives, is to fix itself as near as possible to its relatives, if it has any; if not to its countrymen. Every settlement thus becomes a pure German community in which people are born, marry and die, and with the least possible addition of Anglo-Americans.

Structure

“German Emigration”, Chamber’s Edinburgh Journal, 20 June 1846.

Vocabulary

Immigrant neighbourhoods, Lower Manhattan, New York City.

Little Germany, Cincinnati, 1887

HISTORY ◄

Case Study 3 ◄ Integration or discrimination? ► (5) II. Discrimination: victims of prejudice (3) How can you see that immigrants were excluded because they were considered as a political and socio-economic threat ? Key notion

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What are the changes which seem to demand a revision of the policy regarding immigration? […] The fall of agricultural prices since 1873 affects our capability of employing large numbers of ignorant and unskilled foreigners. […] No longer is it a matter of course that every industrious and temperate man can find work in the United States. Only a short time ago, the immigrants from southern Italy, Hungary, Austria, and Russia together made up hardly more than one per cent of our immigration. Today the proportion has risen to something like forty per cent, and threatens soon to become fifty or sixty per cent, or even more. adapted from “Restriction of Immigration” by Francis A. Walker, The Atlantic Monthly, June 1896

Structure

The inevitable impact on the American workingman of indiscriminate immigration. Source: Judge

Vocabulary

Irish & German voters, Smithsonian Magazine, 1850

Ad, New York City, 1887

Rejecting immigrants, Joseph Keppler, Puck, 11 January 1893

HISTORY ◄

Case Study 4 ◄ Deprivation or success? ► (6) I. Deprivation: hard life, hard labour (3) How can you see immigrants lived and worked in terrible conditions Key notion

Structure

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5 cents a spot in a Bayard Street tenement, Jacob Riis, New York City, 1889

It is not to be assumed, of course, that the whole population living in the tenements […] is to be classed as vicious or as poor in the sense of verging on beggary. New York's wage-earners have no other place to live. They are truly poor for having no better homes; becoming poorer as the exorbitant rents […] keep rising. The wonder is that they are not all corrupted by their surroundings. How the other half lives, Studies among the tenements of New York, by Jacob A. Riis, New York, 1890. Vocabulary

Kneepants at 45 cents a dozen in a Ludlow Street sweat shop, Jacob Riis, New York City, 1890

Italian ragpicker and her baby in her home, Jacob Riis, New York City, 1889

Immigrants occupations

Automobile factory, Byron company, New York City, 1900.

HISTORY ◄

Case Study 4 ◄ Deprivation or success? ► (6) II. Success: climbing the social ladder (3) How did immigrants improve their economic situation and increase their political responsibilities? Key notion

Structure

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The German rag-picker of thirty years ago […] is the prosperous tradesman or farmer of to-day. […] The Irish hod-carrier in the second generation has become a bricklayer, if not the Alderman of his ward.

The upward mobility of German and Irish immigrants, trade cards (which were part business card, and part designed for popular appeal), late 19th century.

The reason is obvious. The poorest immigrant comes here with the purpose and ambition to better himself and, given half a chance, might be reasonably expected to make the most of it. How the other half lives, Studies among the tenements of New York, by Jacob A. Riis, New York, 1890.

Vocabulary "When my great grandfather left here to become a cooper in East Boston, he carried nothing with him." President Kennedy, New Ross, Ireland, 1963.

Cherry's Brewery, New Ross where Patrick Kennedy, 3P.J.” Kennedy’s father worked as a cooper (making barrels).

The men who started the Kennedy dynasty: John "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald, US congressman and P. J. Kennedy, a Massachusetts state senator, Boston, 1895

John F. Fitzgerald, Boston mayoral election card, 1905

HISTORY ◄

Case Study 5 ◄ The American Dream today ► (5)

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Immigration Timeline 1901-2000: US immigration by region and decade

Foreign-born Americans, US Census Bureau, 2011

I. Changing immigration? (3) What are the similarities and difference in the nature of immigration? Key notion

Structure

Foreign-born population and undocumented immigrants, 1960-2005, US Census Bureau, Center for Immigration Vocabulary

The issue of illegal immigration, Matt Davies, 2006

HISTORY ◄

Case Study 5 ◄ The American Dream today ► (5) II. The same hopes (2) What are immigrants’ were they fulfilled?

hopes

and

► Immigrant progress over time, Current Population Survey, Center for Immigration Studies, March 2011

Green card or permanent resident card, German citizen 2000-2010

Key notion

Structure

I moved to the United States with my parents when I was a baby. We moved from Ukraine when my father won a green card and got a job here. We lived in Michigan first and then moved to Atlanta. Asya from the Ukraine.

I was born in Freetown, Sierra Leone. There was a war in my home country, so we had to leave. When I was six, my family was living in a refugee camp in Liberia, which is a country that neighbors Sierra Leone. We were picked by some officials there to come to America. Although I was sad to leave, coming here was amazing. It was my first time being in a real plane. My first impression of America was, “Wow! This is huge! It's really big!” Vocabulary

Vandi from Sierra Leone.

Three months ago, I moved to Austin, Texas, to learn English. I didn't know any English when I got here. My mother, sister, brother, aunt, grandmother, and I drove from our ranch in Cohuela, Mexico, to our new apartment in Austin. It only took a day to make the drive. Gabriella from Mexico.

Even though we live in the United States, we still eat Indian food. My favorite Indian food is noodles. My favorite food in America is ice cream! Sadana from India “Meet young Immigrants”, Immigration from Yesterday and Today @ The Scholastic Website

Gallup's annual Minority Rights and Relations survey, conducted June 5-July 6 2008