manufacturing processes to increase quality and reduce cost. Bradley ... entire firm and exists within several product lines. Resource based strategy options.
Can be regarded as a synonym for the firm’s long term profit performance relative to its rivals. Three different competitive situations: 1. Newly industrialized countries focus on low-cost labor, government promotion and standard mature technologies 2. Advanced industrialized countries rely on complex manufacturing processes to increase quality and reduce cost
Bradley; International Marketing Strategy, 2002
Competitiveness 3. High-technology industries usually located in developed countries concentrate on R&D to achieve advances in product performance. Evolving positions International value chains & arranging activities
Bradley; International Marketing Strategy, 2002
1
From capability to advantage • Turning the competence into customer value • Efficient utilization of capabilities is a prerequisite for keeping positional advantage. • Need to determine the critical capabilities – Controlling them determines how much of the value of a growing business will flow to its owner. – Less critical capabilities can be outsourced.
• Capability combinations that are difficult to imitate lead to lasting competitive advantage.
Three theoretical perspectives • Resource-based view (RBV) • Market orientation view (MOV) • Value chain based view (VBV)
Resource Based View (RBV) • Resource is the basic unit of asset: skill, ability, expertise, knowledge owned and controlled by the company. • Long-term competitiveness depends on the company’s resources that differentiate it from its competitors: – Tangible resources: can be seen, touched and/or quantified – Intangible resources: IPR (patents, trademarks, copyrights), informal networks, organizational culture, reputation, brand… • Competence-based theorists: – “Intangible resources are an important source of competitive advantage”
2
The roots of competition
- Hollensen 2003 -
Sustainability of advantage • In order to define the resources important for the company’s sustainable competitive advantage, several tests exist: – Competitive superiority test (are the company’s resources better than those of competitors) – Imitation test (how easily can competitors imitate the resources)
Sustainability of advantage – Duration test (how long-term can be benefited) – Appropriateness test (how well can the company exploit the benefits) – Substitutability test (how easily can competitors substitute the resource with another one they possess)
3
Environment and competence • The basis of RBV is to increase the ability of the firm to act upon, shape and transform its environment – Not just to adapt to the environmental forces
• Competitive advantage can emerge from competences (~abilities to combine resources) – Proprietariness: a firm-specific set of resources – Learning: results from years of experience accumulated in a small number of fields – Pervasiveness: diffused pervasively throughout the entire firm and exists within several product lines
New Current
Resources
Resource based strategy options Renew and nurture the resource base.
Further business developments.
Exploit resources in existing business.
Stretch the resource base to new customer groups.
Current
New Customer type
The questions 1. What is the connection between resource based view and relationship approach? 2. How can a firm create competitive advantages by using its resources and competences.
4
Market orientation view • The company adapts the resources, skills and activities to the requirements of the surrounding business environment. High customer value High costs due to the customization
Value chain
Value chain based view • Focuses on what the firm does (competence>resources) • In this view resources do not create value as such, but the value comes from the activities in which the resources are applied. • Value added to the business’ customers is the difference between the benefits and costs: – If benefits exceed costs, the customers buy – The value of products is a function of buyer purchasing criteria
5
Perception of value • Understanding customers’ perceptions of value is key • Common problems – Management determines what it believes the customers want. The products don’t address the customer needs Price is too high compared to created customer value • Superior value – Competitive advantage requires that the value of your product or service is superior to that of your competitor from the customer’s point of view.
RBV, MOV & VBV RBV: inside out Proactive quest for markets that allow exploitation of the firms resources
Firm (resources)
VBV: balancing Building competitive advantage based on the firms positioning in the value chain.
Markets (business environment)
MOV: outside in Adapting the firms resources to market conditions and the business environment
Configuration of international value chain • Geographical placing of the activities according to the competence and cost effectiveness • Downstream often decentralized – Structure of the customer market – Need of service – Cultural similarity – Country/area specific advantages • Upstream often centralized – Economies of scale – Transport costs – Advantages drawn from the system as a whole
6
Configuration of international value chain • Multi-domestic and global approach – When downstream activities vital also the upstream activities decentralized (e.g. many services). – Global when: • Upstream activities define the competitive advantage • Market unification through economic integration
Coordination of the value chain • Streamlining the activities – Information management is crucial – Consistency and efficiency of activities – Dissemination of skills, ideas, strategies… The more decentralized, the more challenging to coordinate
The questions 1. Could value chain model be used for services? 2. Is it relevant to make a split between upstream and downstream activities in the value chain? Why? 3. Explain the differences between the RBV, MOV and VBV. Which model you prefer and why?
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