/ / /s%$m/, /sa!)k*l'd"i/ (word-initial /s/); pneumonia /nju$)m'&ni'/ (word-initial /n/); /)ter's#$/ (word-initial /t/); /r!)si$t/ (wordfinal /t/); /)k+b'd/ LLCM10AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 9
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LLCM10AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 9
1. ‘Simple’ consonants
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‘Simple’ consonants • /b/ /be!/
• /n/ /ne!l/
• /d/ /de!/
• /r/ /re!/
• /f/ /fe!s/
• /s/ /se!/
• /h/ /he!/
• /t/ /te!k/
2. Silent consonants
• /d!/ /d"e!n/ • /v/ /ve!l/ • /k/ /ke!t/
• /w/ /we!/
• /l/ /le!/
• /j/ /je!l/
• /m/ /me!/ • /z/ /zæp/ 3/12/2007 T. Kamiyama
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‘Silent’ consonants
‘Silent’ consonants
• / / /da&t/, /det/; /)s+tl,/; /kla!m/, /læm/, /b*m/, /tu$m/, /wu$m/ (wordfinal /m/)
• /n/); /re!n/, /sa!n/, /d!)za!n/ (word-final /m/ but //pær'd!.)mæt!k/);
• (cf. /)n+mb'/, /)w*mbæt/, /b*m)b%$d/, but /)b*m'/) • / / /j*t/
• / / /a&'/, /)*n'/, /!.)z#$st/, //eks!)b!(n,/; /ra!m/, /)ræps'di/ (word-initial /r/)
• / / /)wenzde!/, /)hæ-k't(!f/, /)sænw!d"/
• / / /n'&/, /na!f/, /n*k/, /n*b/ (word-initial /n/)
• / / /!n)da!t/, /)m+sl,/
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‘Silent’ consonants
• / / after a vowel in RP and other non-rhotic accents /k%$/, /k%$d/ • / / /a!l/, /a!l/, /)a!l'nd/, /)va!ka&nt/
• / / /h!m/, /)#$t'm/, /)k*l'm/ (word-final /m/) •
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‘Silent’ consonants
• / / /t#$k/, /h%$f/ (after ); /k&d/ /k'd/, /w&d/ /w'd/, /(&d/ /('d/ (auxiliaries)
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• / / /)l!sn,/, /)*fn,/ /)*ftn,/; /)k%$sl,/, /)w!sl,/, /)resl,/ • / / /ra!t/, /r*-/, (word-initial /r/); /tu$/; /s#$d/, /)%$ns'/; /).renit(/, /)n*r!d"/ 3/12/2007 T. Kamiyama
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• /s/ when followed by : /sent/, /)s!ti/, /)sa!kl,/
3. Consonants pronounced in different ways
• /k/ in other cases: /kæt/, /ækt/ • /#/ in certain suffixes: /d!)l!('s/, /m')d"!(n,/, /)s'&(l,/, /)s'&('bl,/, 3/12/2007 T. Kamiyama
• ( /"/ in some very common words: /.et/, /.!v/, /.0$l/ ) • /"/ in other cases: /.æp/, /.'&/ • /!/ in certain originally borrowed words: /pres)ti$"/, /m!)r%$"/ LLCM10AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 9
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• /d!/ when followed by : /d"em/, /d"!n/, /d"!m/
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• /"/ : /.es/, /.!lt/, /.a!/ • ( /"w/ in some words: /)læ-.w!d"/; in some names and place names /.w%$m/, /.wæn)tæn'm'&/, /).wi$d'&/ ) • (Word-finally, is usually followed by and pronounced /"/ in nouns: /f')ti$./) 3/12/2007 T. Kamiyama
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• /s/ : /s+n/, /s+n/ • /z/ between vowel letters : (v.) /kl'&z/, /ra!z/, /lu$z/, /)prezn,t/, /!)re!z'/, /ri$zn,/ • But (adj.) /kl'&s/, /lu$s/, /ke!s/, /be!s/, etc.
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• /s/ in words ending with : /)be!s!s/, /'&)e!s!s/, //kj&'ri)*s'ti/, /d!)sa!s!v/ • /s/ in ‘real’ prefixes when followed by a vowel: //d!s')p!'/, misuse //m!s)ju$z/ • (cf. /d!)z%$st'/) • /s/ in : /)ep!s'&d/, /k'm)pær!sn,/, /h!)p*kr'si/ 3/12/2007 T. Kamiyama
• Suffix -s, -es: /z/ after a voiced consonants ( /hændz/, /k+bz/), /%z/ ( /)d!(!z/) • /#/ between a consonant and a following : /)pen(n,/, /)mæn(n,/
• /t/ : /tu$/, /kæt/ • /#/ when followed by in many suffixes: //!nf')me!(n,/, /)m%$(l,/, /k#$('s/ • (N.B. /)kwest(n,/) • Suffixe /t#$/ : /)p!kt('/, /)kri$t('/, /)f0$n!t('/
• /!/ in some words between vowels: /)v!"'n,/, /)me"'/ LLCM10AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 9
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• /ks/ : /f!ks/, /m!ks/, /)f!ks'/ • /eks/ in a stressed syllable : /)eks'sa!z/, /)eks!kju$t/
4. Double consonants
• /%"z/ when followed by a stressed syllable : /!.)zæm/, /!.)zækt/, /!.)z!b!t/
Basically, just as the corresponding single consonant letter.
• (N.B. /eks)he!l/, //eks!)b!(n,/) • /z/ : at the beginning of words (of Greek origin) /)zen'f'&b/ 3/12/2007 T. Kamiyama
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Double consonants
Double consonants
• /ks/ when followed by or : /s'k)ses/, /)æks!dn,t/
• /#/ in ( /)pæ(n,/, /)m!(n,/) and ( /)pre('/)
• /k/ in other cases: /')k0$/
• /s/ in other cases: /s'k)ses/
• /t#/ in borrowed Italian words //kæpu)t(i$n'&/
• /z/ in some words: /p')zes/, /d!)z0$t/, /)s!zes/, /d!)z*lv/
• /d!/ when followed by or : /s')d"est/
• /ts/ in borrowed Italian words: /)pi$ts'/
• /"/ in other cases: /e./
• /z/ in other cases: /b+z/
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Digraphs and other combinations • /k/: /p!k/, /d*k/ • /t#/: /t(i$z/, /k'&t(/
5. Consonant diagraphs and other combinations
• /k/ in words of Greek origin: /)ke!*s/, /tek)ni$k/, /)kwa!'/ • /#/ in words of French origin (18th c.): /m')(i$n/, //(æm)pe!n/ • /"/ when followed by a vowel: /.'&st/, /.ent/
• ( /v/ in /)sti$vn,/, /ph/ in /+p)h'&ld/, /p/ in /)(ep'd/)
• / / when preceded by a back vowel: /d'&/, /1ru$/ •
