LLCM30ES English Phonetics Week 8: The consonants in detail II, III (release of word-final consonants, coarticulation) T. Kamiyama, Université de Marne-la-Vallée 2007-2008

2. Fricatives

Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-final position • Observe the consonant at the end of the following words: • /sef/ • /sev/ • Then compare them with the consonant at the beginning of the following words in French: • /kaf/ (« CAF ») • /kav/ (« cave ») 27/11/2007 T. Kamiyama

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/sef/

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/sev/

devoicing (absence of voicing) 4

LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 8

Voiced and voiceless fricatives: Word-final position • In English, word-final voiceless fricatives are not accompanied by voicing after release : /sef/ [sef], but never [sef]. • Word-final voiced fricatives are partially devoiced, and the voicing almost never lasts after release: /sev/ [sev] but never [sev]. 27/11/2007 T. Kamiyama

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3. Affricates

Voiced and voiceless affricates: Word-final position • Observe the consonant at the end of the following words: • /et/ t • /ed/ d

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/et/ t

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/ed/ d

devoicing (absence of voicing) 8

LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 8

Voiced and voiceless affricates: Word-final position • In English, word-final voiceless affricates are not accompanied by voicing at the end of the hissing noise : /et/ [et], t but never [et t]. • Word-final voiced fricatives are partially devoiced, and the voicing almost never lasts after the end of the hissing noise: /ed/ [ed] but never [ed]. 27/11/2007 T. Kamiyama

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4. Nasals

Nasals: Word-final position • Observe the consonant at the end of the following words: • /læm/ /æn/ /pk/ • Then compare them with the consonant at the beginning of the following words in French: • /lam/ (« lame, l’âme ») /an/ (« Anne ») /paki/ (« parking ») 27/11/2007 T. Kamiyama

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/læm/

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/æn/

/k/

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LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 8

Nasals: Word-final position • In English, word-final nasals are not accompanied by voicing after the oral release (after the closure in the oral cavity is opened) : /læm/ [læm], but never [læm]. • The velar nasal // is NOT pronounced [] or []: /k/ [k], but never [k].or [k]. 27/11/2007 T. Kamiyama

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Syllabic nasal • Observe the consonant at the end of the following words: • /btm/ • /sten/

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/btm/

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/sten/

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5. Lateral approximant /l/

‘clear l’ and ‘dark l’ • • • •

‘clear l’ Palatalized [l] [l] /l/V … ou C/l/V ... “lot”, “clear”, etc.

• • • •

‘dark l’ Velarized [l] ...V/l/, …V/l/C, ou …VC/l/ “feel”, “salt”, “apple”, etc.

palatalization

velarization pharyngealization

‘clear l’ 27/11/2007 T. Kamiyama

‘dark l’ Takebayashi (1996)

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Lateral approximant /l/: Word-final position • Observe the consonant at the end of the following words: • /sel/ • /pl/ • Then compare them with the consonant at the beginning of the following words in French: • /sal/ (« salle ») • /pl/ (« Paul ») 27/11/2007 T. Kamiyama

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/sel/

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/pl/

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End of Class 5 Class 6: The consonants in detail III (coarticulation, assimilation, coalescence, elision, linking and intrusive /r/, etc.)

LLCM30ES English Phonetics Class 6: The consonants in detail III (coarticulation, assimilation, elision, liking and intrusive /r/)

1. Coarticulation

1. Coarticulation • Speech sounds tend to be influenced by the speech sound that surround them. • Coarticulation is the retention of a phonetic feature that was present in a preceding sound, or the anticipation of a feature that will be needed for a following sound. Based on Wells (1990, 2000) 27/11/2007 T. Kamiyama

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1.1. Coarticulation: nasalization • A vowel or liquid that is adjacent to a nasal tends to be somewhat nasalized. • Observe the vowel in the following words: /læm/ /æn/ /k/ Based on Wells (1990, 2000) 27/11/2007 T. Kamiyama

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/læm/

/æn/

nasalization 27/11/2007 T. Kamiyama

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/k/

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Nasals: the case of the bilabial nasal Pharyngeal wall Velum Upper lip articulators Nasalized vowel

Lower lip

/V/ 27/11/2007 T. Kamiyama

/m/

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/V/ 26

Nasals: the case of the bilabial nasal Pharyngeal wall Velum Upper lip articulators Nasalized vowel

Lower lip

/V/ 27/11/2007 T. Kamiyama

/m/

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/V/ 27

1.1. Coarticulation: nasalization • This phenomenon is especially remarkable in American English. • Observe the following words pronounced by an American speaker: /kæt/ /kæn/

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1.2. Coarticulation: C to V • Many consonants vary somewhat, depending on which vowel comes after them. • Observe the vowel in the following words: /sz/ /si/ /su/

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/sz/

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/si/

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/su/

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1.2. Coarticulation: C to V • Now, observe similar words in French: /sa/ (ça) /si/ (si) /su/ (sous)

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1.2. Coarticulation: C to V • The effect of C to V (consonant to vowel) coarticulation is stronger in French: consonants are more strongly affected by the following vowel in anticipation. • This tendency is related to the stable character of French vowels (compared to more or less diphthongized English vowels). • French speakers sometimes prepare lip-rounding well before a rounded vowel. Compare the /s/ in /stykty/ and /stikty/. 27/11/2007 T. Kamiyama

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