Nonlinear Site Effects: Numerical Modeling of Field and ... - CFMS
Oct 4, 2006 - The shear modulus is computed as G=Ïβ2. 2. The fundamental frequency of the soil is f. 0=β/(4H). 3. If G changes, so does β : if G(-) ---> β(-) ...
Nonlinear Site Effects: Numerical Modeling of Field and Laboratory Data Observations Luis Fabián Bonilla Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, France
Presentation Outline • • • • •
Empirical evidence of nonlinear site effects Some models of nonlinear site response 1D modeling of the Kushiro-Oki station 2D modeling of the Grenoble basin Empirical constraints to nonlinear site response
Kobe: Jan. 1995, M6.9 Vertical Settlement
Lateral Spreading
Port Island, Kobe / Kushiro Port
Loose sand => licuefaction
Dense sand => cyclic mobility
-Lowpass filtering
- High frequency peaks
-Deamplification
- Amplification
Nonlinear Effects: TTRH02 Station (Japan)
Site amplification is different for strong ground motion
Some models of nonlinear site response
EPRI modulus reduction and damping curves
Classical Laboratory Data Are Limited
After Ishihara (1996)
Velacs Project, 1992 (pore pressure effects)
How is the transfer function affected?
1. The shear modulus is computed as G=ρβ2 2. The fundamental frequency of the soil is f0=β/(4H) 3. If G changes, so does β : if G(-) ---> β(-) ---> f0(-)
Deamplification: the damping increases (pay attention) Increase of the signal duration (long period waves arrive later)
Numerical solution Why? There is no analytical solution Finite differences, spectral elements, finite elements methods Boundary conditions: Surface: free surface effect Bedrock: elastic boundary conditions (transmitted waves) or rigid boundary conditions (complete reflection)
The equivalent linear model (1972)
G-γ frequency dependent (Assimaki and Kausel, 2002)
Backbone
Gmax G 1 G2 Gn
Shear Stress
Shear Modulus (G)
Iwan-Mroz Model (1967)
Gn G2 G1 Gmax
Shear Strain
Shear Strain
Reconstruction of backbone from the modulus reduction curve
Multi-spring Model (1) 2D plane strain model Each spring obeys the hyperbolic model Hysteresis follows the generalized Masing rules Capability to model anisotropic consolidation conditions
Multi-spring Model (2)
Pore pressure excess is correlated to shear work Model space has five parameters to take into account dilatancy Plastic parameters are angle of internal friction, and angle of phase transition Elastic parameters are thickness, Q, density, P and S wave speeds
1D modeling of the KushiroOki station
The M7.8 Kushiro-Oki 1993 event
Vs30 = 284 m/s
Dense sand deposit, first studied by Iai et al (1995)
Results Multispring
Iwan-Mroz
Improved EqL
Trad. EqL
Input
Pore pressure analysis may be needed if soil is saturated
Partial Conclusions
The choice of rheology is rather important in the modeling of nonlinear site response. Equivalent linear model should be avoided for soft soils (Vs30 < 300 m/s). However, it is OK for stiff materials at low PGA’s (PGA < 0.2g). The Iwan-Mroz represents better the nonlinear soil behavior with the same data as the Eq. Linear method. A better soil characterization is needed when having saturated medium.
2D linear and nonlinear response of the Grenoble basin
Linear Nonlinear
What the field data say about nonlinear effects
Observations (1)
(Idriss, 1990)
Deamplification expected above 0.4g (rock sites) Results biased by simulations only
Observations (2)
PSHA taking into account nonlinear site response The return periods are higher than the ones obtained with linear site response (Tsai, 2000)
1000 yr
0.64g 0.74g
Vs30 distribution Sim. Liquefaction data
Kik-net
PGA distribution (Kik-net) (M7, 26 Mai 2003)
Partial Conclusions Nonlinearity apparently begins for a PGA > 0.1g for these type of soils (300-400 m/s).
These soils are less nonlinear than we
might think. This is important for areas with moderate seismicity (high amplification is expected due to low nonlinear effects).
Pore pressure produces lot of scattering on the PGA and response spectra data.
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