NWFP Report 2012
Mozambique
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http://www.fao.org/forestry/nwfp/78836/en/ Food and Agriculture Organization, FOPP
Hugo Lehoux & Anis Chakib
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This document is still under construction, please don’t consider it as an official FAO publication
CONTENTS
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Contents 1 Plants and plant products 1.1 Food . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Fodder . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Medecines . . . . . . . . 1.4 Colorants and dyes . . . 1.5 Utensils, handicrafts and 1.6 Ornamental plants . . . 1.7 Exudates . . . . . . . .
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2 Animals and animal products 2.1 Living animals . . . . . . . . 2.2 Honey and beeswax . . . . . 2.3 Bush meat . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Other edible animal products
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CONTENTS
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Context The population of Mozambique is estimated around 23.406 million people in 2010 [FAOSTAT]. The total area of the country is 799,380 km2 with around 39.022 million hectares of forests and 14.566 million hectares of other wooded lands in 2010 [FAO, 2010].
Introduction Main Non-Wood Forest Products Animal products like bushmeat are the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Mozambique. Other important NWFP exploited in the country include medicinal plants, edible plants (fruits), mushrooms, honey, beeswax, and a variety of plants used for construction and handicrafts.
General information Rural people still derive a wide variety of basic needs from the forests and woodlands. In this regard it should be emphasized that the Miombo woodland is a source of great importance. The use of NWFP is mostly confined to the subsistence sector, but information on the level of production and to what extent these products are used is not available [FAO, 1995]. Presently in Mozambique, there is a lack of systematized and recorded statistics on NWFP. Exports of NWFP are documented only for medicinal plants. There is a wide range of NWFP that are produced and marketed by the rural communities in Mozambique [Albano, 2002]. The most remarkable ones include medicinal plants, grass, bamboo, reed and foods such as wild vegetables, fruits and tubers. The degree to which they are marketed depends on the distance to and from the market. There are basically two types of markets for NWFP: the informal market, which is widely spread in the country, and the formal market, which is located in villages or towns. This type of market mainly deals with medicinal plants, wild meat, wild foods, baskets and furniture. Both types of marketing involve people of both sexes, as well as children and elders. Children are usually specialized in gathering wild fruits and selling them along the main roads, while women work on gathering or trading of wild foods. The gathering and marketing of medicinal plants is more complex and involves specialized people. Lizon [Lizon, 2002], in a study carried out in the Gilé district, found that NWFPs harvests have a significant value for populations with an estimated average value per household per year of: Mts 607,500 for bushmeat, 216,000 for mushrooms, 105,000 for caterpillars, 52,500 for snails and 10,925 for honey. Another case study carried out in 3 different area highlight the role of NWFP for population in different contexts [Suich, 2006]. For example, while in two areas respectively 40% and 28%
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PLANTS AND PLANT PRODUCTS
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households declare to use wild fruits, only 1% of households use them in the third studied area. The same pattern was found with edible wild leaves and herbs (respectively 13%, 29% and 1%) and medicinal plants (respectively 11%, 18% and 2%). It appeared that NWFP are more common in one area (Bazaruto) because 10% of households use palm leaves to make baskets, 21% use palm wine, 10% roots and tubers and 34% seeds and nuts while all these products are not used in the two other areas. In Bazaruto area, 87% of all forest resources are consumed within the households and only around 10% are sold.
1 1.1
Plants and plant products Food
Regarding wild foodstuffs, 76 edible wild plant species are used in the rural areas of the coastal plains [Cunnigham, 1993]. According to a study carried out in six villages around the National Reserve of Gilé, households are heavily dependent on edible NWFP (mushrooms, caterpillars, termites, snails, grasshoppers, roots, tubers, honey, game, wild fruits) during the ‘food shortages period’ between January and March. Poorer households tend to be more heavily reliant on the wild foods harvesting [Lizon, 2002]. In regulado de Sabranca in southern Mozambique, 41 edible fruit species are recorded. In the north of the country, in a remnant of Miombo in Senhote, 144 tree species with multiple uses are found [Albano, 2002]. Since trees bear fruits in different seasons and even in drought years, they can be considered perhaps the most important wild food from the forest. They can be eaten simple, cooked, roasted (seeds and nuts) or when they are still a flower. According to the survey carried out by Albano et al. [Albano, 2002], the most common fruits are Strychnos madagascariensis, S. spinosa, Sclerocarya birrea, Hyphaene coriacea, Phoenix reclinata, Aloe sp., Ficus sycomorus, Ximenia caffra, Boscia albitrunca, Diallium schlecteri, Trichilia emetica, Antidesma venosum, Ziziphus mucronata, Grewia sp., Garcinia livingstonei, Dovyalis longispina, Syzygium cordatum, Mimusops spp., Manilkara discolor, Landolphia kirki, Senna petersiana,Tabernaemontana elegans, Vangueria infausta, Coffea racemosa. The preferred fruit species vary according to region. In Maputo the most valuable fruit trees are Sclerocarya birrea and Strychnos madagascariensis. In the Manica Province, both Uapaca kirkiana and Sclerocarya birrea are known to be of great importance due to their cultural value. The value of Strychnus madagascariensis rests on its byproduct called fuma. Fuma can be consumed either simple or with honey as a staple food during the periods of lack of food in the agricultural cycle. The fruits of Sclerocarya birrea can be used to produce an alcoholic drink called ucanhe or bucanhe. The pulp is said to contain four to eight times as much vitamin C as orange juice [Palgrave, 1977; UCN, 1993]. Seventy
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percent of the people in southern Africa eat these fruits, which are a seasonal staple in local diets [UCN, 1993]. Without this valuable contribution many children who are most vulnerable and the chief consumers would be affected by diseases caused by dietary deficiencies. Depending on the point of view, cashew nuts can be considerate as a domesticated NWFP or as a product from agriculture. The average annual cashew nuts production is around 100,000 tons in Mozambique, 60% of which comes from Nampula province. Annual exports of 45,000 tons only from Nampula bring an income of US$ 6 million for the government [Artur and Kanji, 2005]. Edible leaves, mostly of herbaceous plants, contribute significantly to the diet of all rural households in Mozambique. The most common leaves consumed in Mozambique are Adeinia gummifera, Amaranthus sp., Corchorus tridens, Ipomea lapatifolia and Momordica balsamica. These leaves are cooked with peanuts or Sclerocarya birrea nuts and consumed with rice or maize porridge. Roots and tubers are consumed only on an occasional basis. The most important ones are Commiphora neglecta, Nymphaea capensis, Oxalis semilobata and Scilia hyacinthina [Albano, 2002]. Mushrooms are one of the most sought-after wild foods in the natural ecosystems, particularly in the miombo ecosystem. The mushroom season starts with the first rains in early November, reaching its peak in January. Beverages mainly consist of two types of exotic palm wines: sura and utchema. The former is produced from an exotic palm tree (Cocus nucifera), mainly in the Inhambane and Zambézia provinces. The latter is obtained from indigenous palm trees (Hyphaene coriacea and Phoenix reclinata). At the moment this is the most common and largely produced wine in the country. This activity constitutes a big business for the majority of households located along the main roads. Production is continuous throughout the year. In Matutuine, south Mozambique, the peak of production occurs at the beginning of the rainy season with an output of 20 litres of wine per day [Albano, 2002].
1.2
Fodder
According to FAO FRA [FAO, 2010], a lots of species are used for fodder. They inculde for example: Lonchocarpus capassa, Trichilia emetica, setaria sp., Panicum maximum, etc
1.3
Medecines
In Mozambique the share of the population that demands medicinal plants is estimated at 80 percent . The forest is highly valued by the traditional healers (the so-called curandeiros) as a source of medicinal plants. In Mozambique as in a large part of Africa, traditional medicines from plants provide the only alternative for health care in most rural areas because of the low coverage of modern health care facilities [Cunningham, 1997]. Medicinal
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plants are gathered in small quantities from sparse locations throughout the rural communities in Mozambique. For example, a study carried out in three districts along the Beira corridor, central Mozambique, showed that almost 15% of households were involved in medicinal plants harvesting (Mlay et al., 2002 cited in [Albano, 2002]). However, the main markets are located in the urban centres, such as Nampula, Beira, Quelimane and Maputo. High transport costs result in low profits and, consequently, are the major limiting factor to the trade in medicinal plants. According to Falcão et al [Falcão, 2004], the economic impact of medicinal plants trade on rural and urban income is not known, but it seems that poor collectors don’t really make a large profit while the sellers in urban markets can have significant incomes. Cunningham [Cunningham, 1997] lists a variety of medicinal plants which were exported in the 1980s.In addition, it is reported that an informal export trade of medicinal plants exists towards neighbouring countries, mostly South Africa and Zimbabwe [Birgham et al., 1996]. In the southern part of the country the most sought-after medicinal plants are Waburgia salutaris and Securidaca longipedunculata. Over-exploitation of traditional medicinal plants is the result of their large-scale sale in urban areas [Cunningham, 1997](Cunningham, 1997). According to Muino [Muino, 2009], African potato and Aloe sp are the most demanded species. Leaves, roots and bark are the most commonly collected parts of medicinal plants. The high frequency of roots, bark or bulbs sold as medicines in the markets of the southern African region [Cunningham, 1997] might be explained by the fact that savannah trees and grasses generally have a high proportion of their biomass underground [Scholes, 1993]. According to Cunningham [Cunningham, 1997], many of the traditional medicinal plants, as well as animal materials that are sold in the urban markets, are of great importance to the population. Two surveys have been carried out in the country regarding the status of medicinal plants. The one done in the regulado of Tanga recorded 39 different plants (Massango, unpublished2 ) while the one that includes four regulados (Tinonganine, Kumbane Norte, Tanga and Jabula) recorded the existence of 46 species. Some of the recorded species are: Walburgia salutaris, Balanites maughamii, Tarenna sp., Securidaca longipedunculata, Zanthoxylum sp., Bridelia cathartica, Synaptolepis kirki, Indigofera sp., Xylotheca kraussiana, Acridocarpus natalitius, Erythopheum lasianum, Brachylaena huillensis, Ochna sp, Garcinia livingstonei and also Julbernardia globiflora, Tamarindus indica, Flacourtia indica, Markhamia obtusifolia, Sclerocarya birrea.
1.4
Colorants and dyes
No data available. 2
Missing source
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ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS
1.5
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Utensils, handicrafts and construction material
Trade in bamboo and palm products as a raw materials for construction and handicrafts is chiefly concentrated in urban areas, particularly in Maputo, Inhambane, Beira, Chimoio, Quelimane, Nampula, Tete and Pemba. It has been estimated that the number of "Small and Middle Forest Enterprises" involved in commercialization of handicrafts from NWFP is around 1,000 officially registered and some 6,000 in the informal market [Nhancale et al., 2009]. In Maputo there is a growing number of small enterprises producing palm leaves products. The products are diverse, from furniture to baby’s cots to carpets. The markets are large and usually located where there are more tourists. Bamboo is also one of the most important NWFP used by rural people to meet their needs in housing, utilitarian items for home and farm providing additional income through trade [Muino, 2009]. Palm tree leaves are used for making weaving baskets, while the stem is used for sweeping brooms. The common palm species occurring in the country are Phoenix reclinata and Hyphaene coriacea. Fish traps are made of Pavetta sp. For tooth brushing Euclea natalensis is preferred. Other species used as raw materials for handicrafts include: Dalbergia melanoxylon, Berchemia zeyheri, Spirostachys africana, Trichilia emetica, etc. Among various NWFP obtained from wetlands, mat production has been recorded as the most traded one locally, starting from the villages to the city belts of the main towns. Mats are commonly used for sleeping. However, their major role is in traditional ceremonies. Mats are made of Phragmites australis and Cyperus papyrus. Among swamp reeds the predominant species are Phragmites australis, Typha capensis and occasionally Cyperus papyrus. In some lakes of the southern part of the country there are occurrences of a few floating-leafed aquatics like Nymphaea capensis. All over the country swamp reeds are used as building material and to make mattresses.
1.6
Ornamental plants
No data available.
1.7
Exudates
FAO FRA [FAO, 2010] quotes 2 species used to extract exudates: Ozoroa obovata and Harpagophyton procumbens (medicinal plant).
2 2.1
Animals and animal products Living animals
No data available.
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ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS
2.2
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Honey and beeswax
Honey collection from the wild and beekeeping are very common practices all over the country and it seems that a growing number of people and organizations becoming involved in the sector . The most important honey trees are from miombo (in the genera Brachystegia) and Acacia woodlands. The harvesting process often involves the use of fire. This technique kills many bees and the smoke reduces greatly the quality of honey and beeswax. The bulk of honey and beeswax is traditionally produced by rural households. The number of traditional beekeepers has been estimated at 20 000 and the production of honey and beeswax at 360 t/a and 60 t/a, respectively [Nhatumbo and Soto, 1994]. Another source has estimated "Small and Medium Forest Enterprises" involved in honey production and commercialization around 4,000 officially registered and some 30,000 in the informal sector [Nhancale et al., 2009]. The production from modern beekeepers is estimated at 20 tons and 8 tons of honey and beeswax, respectively. In Maputo, the price of honey for domestic consumption has been increasing, from US$ 3.66-4.16 per kg in 1994 [Nhatumbo and Soto, 1994] to US$5.6/kg in 1999 . According to FAOSTAT database [FAOSTAT], Mozambique produced around 400 tons of honey and 70-75 tons of beeswax per annum between 2000 and 2008. Presently, there are a growing number of people and organizations involved in beekeeping countrywide. The work carried out by the Programa Nacional de Apicultura from 1978 to 1994 can be referred to as an example of such a growing trend. In addition, there is a women beekeeping association in Manica, supported by a local NGO (AMRU), that could also be regarded as a good example.
2.3
Bush meat
It is estimated that around 80 percent of the rural households still depend on wild animal protein as a supplement to their diet - either birds, reptiles, small mammals or amphibian (Chambal, 19973 ). According to UNCED, (1992) quoted in Barnett (1997)4 , about five million people were dependent on wildlife for between 40 and 80% of their protein requirements in 1990s. It is estimated that, together with the inland fish production, wildlife provides up to 30 percent of the protein requirements of the rural population [FAO, 1995]. Local communities go hunting and sell the bushmeat along the main roads or at the local markets. However, in general, most of the bushmeat is for household consumption, while poachers are market oriented. In 1998, it was estimated that the value of bushmeat harvested only around Maputo was over than US$ 1 million (DNFFB 1998 cited in [Boyd et al., 2001]. A report published by TRAFFIC (Barnett, 1997 cited in [Suich, 2006]) estimated 3 4
Missing source Missing source
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that 50 tons of bushmeat were traded per month in all urban markets of Maputo Province. Smaller quantities were also traded in Beira and Zambezi Delta rural markets. The total value of bushmeat traded in the study area exceeded US$1.8 million per annum. In 1998, legal bushmeat production from safari hunting and resident license hunting was around 300 tons for a value of US$ 280,000 (TRAFFIC survey data, 1998 quoted in [Suich, 2006]). Another source estimated the total national bushmeat consumption (formal and informal) in the early 1990s between 182,000 and 365,000 tons for a value of US365toU S730 million per year (Agostini 1993 cited in [Suich, 2006]). However, these data seem overestimated regarding to Mozambique resources and population. In the hunting concession areas the hunting quota has been increasing drastically. From 1992 to 1994 an increase of 74 percent for residents and 33 percent for non-residents was documented. Although, the legislation states that the permission for hunting requires a licence, in practice that is not the case. The number of legal hunters is very low. Illegal hunting for meat and trophies and the destruction of wildlife habitats (due to grazing and shifting cultivation) has contributed to the extinction of 20-60 percent of the wildlife population [Ajayi, 1991].
2.4
Other edible animal products
In Mozambique, edible insects play a very significant role in food security in rural areas by providing animal protein. The most common edible insects are caterpillars and termites. Caterpillars feeding on Sclerocarya birrea (Maputo and Gaza provinces), Burkea africana, Erythrophleum africanumi (Manica, Sofala and Zambézia) and Colophospermum mopane (Tete provinces) are the most sought-after by rural households. Caterpillars are normally harvested by women and children. They can be dried or cooked fresh. Termites, dwelling chiefly in the miombo ecosystem, are very common during the rainy season. Since termites are attracted by light, in rural areas the harvesting techniques consist in placing a torch and a container with water in order to capture them, whereas in villages and towns it is common to see hundreds of children with baskets around the electricity poles to collect the termites all night long. Julbernardia globiflora, Tamarindus indica, Flacourtia indica, Markhamia obtusifolia, Sclerocarya birrea. Although every member of the household can gather termites, chiefly during the peak of the termite dispersal, the main harvesting group consists of women and children.
REFERENCES
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References S.S. Ajayi. Wildlife management curriculum. FO: MOZ/86/029, UNDP/FAO. Maputo, 1991. G. Albano. Tropical secondary forest management in africa: Reality and perspectives. mozambique country report. Report prepared for the Workshop on tropical secondary forest management in Africa, 9–13 December, 2002, Nairobi, Kenya., 2002. L. Artur and N. Kanji. Satellites and subsidies: Learning from experience in cashew processing in northern mozambique. Technical report, IIED, London, UK., 2005. T. Birgham, A. Chihongo, and E. Chidumayo. Trade in woodland products from the miombo region. In he miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Campbell, B., 1996. C. Boyd, B.T.B. Jones, S. Anstey, S. Shackleton, and C. Fabricius. Wild resources theme paper. SLSA Working Paper No.5. Brighton: IDS., 2001. A.B. Cunnigham. African Medicinal Plants: Setting Priorities at the interface between Conservation and Primary Health Care. People and Plants Working paper 1. UNESCO, 1993. A.B. Cunningham. An africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting, conservation and health care. Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health & FAO eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care, 11:„ 1997. M. Falcão. Commercialization of medicinal plants in maputo. Technical report, UEM, Maputo, Mozambique, 2004. FAO. Mozambique: Forestry and wildlife sector strategy development. Working Paper 11/95 CP MOZ 37 WP, 1995. FAO. Forest Ressources Assessment. FAO, 2005. FAO. Forest Ressources Assessment. FAO, 2010. URL http://www.fao. org/forestry/fra/fra2010/en/. FAOSTAT. URL http://faostat3.fao.org/home/. J.G. Lizon. Rural livelihood dependence on wildlife resources in gilé district, mozambique and policy implications. Paper presented at the IFAD workshop ‘Challenges in rural development and poverty alleviation in eastern and southern Africa.’ 6–9 May, 2003, Nairobi, Kenya., 2002.
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T. Muino. Non-wood forest products: the forgettable side of forestsector revenues in mozambique mozambique and non-timber forest products: Uses and perspectives. In XIII World Forestry Congress Buenos Aires, Argentina, 18 – 23 Oct 2009, 2009. B. Nhancale, S. Mananze, N. Dista, I. Nhantumbo, and D. Macqueen. Small and medium forest enterprises in mozambique. In IIED Small and Medium Forest Enterprise, number 25. Centro Terra Viva and International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK., 2009. I. Nhatumbo and J.S. Soto. Mercado de produtos madereiros e nãomadereiros. Maputo, 1994. FO: MOZ/92/013. Ministério de Agricultura. H.C. Palgrave. Trees of southern Africa. Second Revised Edition. C. Struik, 1977. B.H. Scholes, R.J. & Walker. An african savanna: synthesis of the nylsvley study, 1993. H. Suich. Economic valuation of natural resources in mozambique. Technical report, WWF Mozambique Coordination Office Funded by the Southern African Regional Program Office Regional CBNRN Project, 2006. Sharing the land: Wildlife, People and Development in Africa,, number 1 in Issues, Washington DC, 1993. UCN-Rosa, Harare and IUCN-SUWP.
Global Report on Non Wood Forest Products COUNTRY
CLASS SPECIES
YEAR
PRODUCTION unit
VALUE unit
EXPORT uni t
VALUE unit
IMPORT unit
VALUE uni DETAIL t
COMMENT
Mozambique 12
Honey Wax
400 t
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70 t
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NWFP Classes : 1 Food 2 Fodder 3 Raw material for medicine and aromatic products 4 Colorants and dyes 5 Raw material for utensils, handicrafts and construction 6 Ornamental plants 7 Exudates 8 Other plant products 10 Living animals 11 Hides, skins and trophies 12 Wild honey and bee-wax 13 Bush meat 14 Raw material for medicine 15 Raw material for colorants 16 Other edible animal products 17 Other non-edible animal products 20 Mushrooms
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