NWFP Report 2012
Botswana
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http://www.fao.org/forestry/nwfp/78836/en/bwa/ Food and Agriculture Organization, FOPP
Hugo Lehoux & Anis Chakib
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This document is still under construction, please don’t consider it as an official FAO publication
CONTENTS
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Contents 1 Plants and plant products 1.1 Food . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Fodder . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Medecines . . . . . . . . 1.4 Colorants and dyes . . . 1.5 Utensils, handicrafts and 1.6 Ornamental plants . . . 1.7 Exudates . . . . . . . .
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2 Animals and animal products 2.1 Living animals . . . . . . . . 2.2 Honey and bee-wax . . . . . . 2.3 Bush meat . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Other edible animal products
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PLANTS AND PLANT PRODUCTS
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Context The population of Botswana is estimated around 19.78 million people in 2010 [FAOSTAT]. The total area of the country is 581 730 km2 with around 11.35 million hectares of forests and 34.79 million hectares of other wooded lands in 2010 [FAO, 2010].
Introduction Main Non-Wood Forest Products Information about the utilization of non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Botswana is rare. Some data are available on tubers, medicinal plants (Harpagophytum procumbens) and bushmeat. According to Taylor et al. 2 , the Botswana government realized that the value of timber exports (US$ 15.5 million) was exceeded by the value of NWFPs (estimated to be in excess of US$ 26 million). Another source(Ringrose and Chanda, 20003 ), estimates that NWFP’s could contribute between US$ 10 million and US$ 26 million to the national economy. For some NWFPs widely traded, tens of thousands of people are gainfully employed each season in harvesting the resources and selling to middlemen. These resources include for instance Uapaca kirkiana a wild fruit very appreciated by population, and Gonimbrasia belina, also called the mopane worm (Taylor et al., 1996). An enquiry carried out in three villages in the Kweneng West district reported that most people interviewed ranked the collection of non-wood, non-grazing savanna products as their third most important livelihood activity, and considered these products to be an important part of their lives. 18% of the households sold these products and derived an average income from them of BwP 212.36 per annum, which is relatively high [Sack, 1997].
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Plants and plant products
1.1
Food
The San bushmen use numerous plants as sources of drinking water, notably the tubers Raphionacme burkei and Coccinea rehmannii [Falconer, 1990]. A study carried out on tree species preferences showed that the top five favorite species for fruits are: Grewia flava (Moretlwa), Hyphaene petersiana (Mokolwane), Boscia albitrunca (Motlopi), Ximenia caffra (Moretologa) and Berchemia discolor (Motsentsela). The most important economic features of these species are the fruit/ berries that can be used for brewing beer [CSO, 2 3
Missing source Missing source
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PLANTS AND PLANT PRODUCTS
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2004]. Another fruit widely consumed by population is from Sclerocarya birrea.
1.2
Fodder
Improved management of fodder resources contributes significantly to food security in the subsistence sector. Production of fodder may have some potential in larger commercial livestock operations where cattle are stall-fed.
1.3
Medecines
In 1985 there were 3100 traditional medical practitioners in Botswana mainly in the rural areas (Marshall, 19984 ). Although some species are cultivated, most of these practitioners collect the plant material they require themselves in the wild. The highest demand is for Harpagophytum spp., Cassia abbreviata, Ximenea spp., Grewia flava and Grewia flavescens. Grewia spp. are traded for their leaves and branches, the others for their underground parts. Harpagophytum procumbens is a medicinal plant (also called devil’s claw), known worldwide, which is endemic to the Kalahari Desert. Roots and rhizomes, harvested from the wild, are used for anti-rheumatic treatments are exported from Botswana to Namibia and South Africa and commercialized on the world market [Lewington, 1993]. Exports quantities from Botswana were very fluctuating with for example exports of 45.6 tons in 1995 but only 501 kg in 1998. In 2001, Germany started to import directly Devil’s claw from Botswana and contributed to improve the national exports by 15 tons. Due to commercial harvesting of the roots, up to 66 percent of the plant population has already been removed [Cunningham, 1997]. Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Quantity (kg) 10 719 3 278 24 437 45 633 2 451 501 2 050 17 306
Table 1: Exports of Harpagophytum sp., Data supplied by Botswana Agricultural Resources Board quoted by Cole [Cole, 2003] 4
Missing reference
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ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS
1.4
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Colorants and dyes
Arntzen and Veenendaal [Arntzen and Veenendaal, 1986] and [Clarke, 1994] reported the use of barks from Berchemia discolor and Euclea divinorum for dying baskets in brown. Authors found that overharvesting and non sustainable harvesting methods leaded to the death of so many of these trees that they are now scarce.
1.5
Utensils, handicrafts and construction material
In 1986 it was estimated that around 67,000 people generated an income from the Mokola palm around the Okavango delta and Makgadigadi pan in northern Botswana. People harvested and used its leaves to make baskets. According to the study, the weavers in Etsha earned BwP 360 to 370 per annum (with a mean production of 3 baskets per week). 20% of the baskets produced were sold locally [Arntzen and Veenendaal, 1986]. In response to the high commercial demand for these baskets, an excessive number of leaves were harvested from a large proportion of the palms, killing them. Arntzen and Veenendaal [Arntzen and Veenendaal, 1986] report that 97% of the basket weavers around Etsha experience increased difficulty in obtaining palm leaves.
1.6
Ornamental plants
No data available.
1.7
Exudates
No data available.
2 2.1
Animals and animal products Living animals
No data available.
2.2
Honey and bee-wax
It has been considered that beekeeping can contribute to diversify the economy of Botswana. Data compiled from the regional reports of the Division of Forestry, Beekeeping and Range Ecology of the Ministry of Agriculture show that honey production increased significantly between 1993 and 2002. In 1993/1994, there were around 189 people officially involved in beekeeping who produced 231 kg of honey for a value of BwP 2 734. In 2001/2002, with the development of beekeeping in Botswana, around 1 283 people produced with 906 bee colonies around 4,266 kg of honey for a value of BwP 78,176.
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ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS
2.3
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Bush meat
In Botswana, the majority of animal protein comes from wild animals. Over 50 species of wild animals are hunted for food, providing in some regions 90.7 kg/a/person, equivalent to 40 percent of their diet. Some animals are sold, thus providing income opportunities to the poorest households [Ntiamoa-Baidu, 1997]. According to FAOSTAT database [FAOSTAT], the production of game meat in Botswana was around 11 000-11 500 tons per annum between 2000 and 2008. Few exports data exist but in 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively 7, 29 and 3 tons of game meat were officially exported from Botswana for values of US$ 80 000, US$ 379 000 and US$ 31 000 respectively.
2.4
Other edible animal products
According to Arntzen and Veenendaal [Arntzen and Veenendaal, 1986], around 3000 people generate an income from Mopane worms commercial harvesting in northern Botswana. On average 350 to 400 tons were harvested annually and mostly exported to South Africa. In a good year, the mopane worm harvest is estimated to be worth $3.3 million, providing employment to 10,000 people [Styles, 1996]. The export business (mainly to South Africa) was valued at Bwp 7.37 million (or US$1.3 million at current rates) in 1993 [CSO, 2004]. Authors said that outsiders are involved in the harvesting of these worms and because they need to spend the least possible time in the area to maximize their profit, they break branches to get worms down. If this trend continues, it may well affect the sustainability of this resource.
REFERENCES
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References J. W. Arntzen and E. M. Veenendaal. A profile of environment and development in botswana. Technical report, NIR, University of Botswana, 1986. J. Clarke. Woodlands and forests. In State of the environment in southern Africa. Penrose Press, 1994. D. Cole. The impact of certification on the sustainable use of devil’s claw (harpagophytum procumbens) in namibia. Paper prepared for FAO, Nonwood forest products programme. p. 34., 2003. CSO. Forestry statistics. Technical report, Central Statistics Office, Gaborone, Botswana., 2004. A.B. Cunningham. An africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting, conservation and health care. Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health & FAO eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care, 11:„ 1997. J. Falconer. "hungry season" food from the forest. In Unasylva, number 41, pages 14–19. FAO, 1990. FAO. Forest Ressources Assessment. FAO, 2005. FAO. Forest Ressources Assessment. FAO, 2010. URL http://www.fao. org/forestry/fra/fra2010/en/. FAOSTAT. URL http://faostat3.fao.org/home/. A. Lewington. Medicinal plants and plant extracts. In A TRAFFIC Network report., Cambridge, 1993. Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. Wildlife and food security in Africa. FAO, 1997. R.K. Sack. Baseline socio-economic survey of khekhenye, tshwaane and motokwe, kweneng west. Technical report, Veld Products Research Rep., 1997. C.V. Styles. The biological ecology of imbrasia belina (saturnidae) with reference to its behaviour, physiology, distribution, population dynamics, impact within mopane veld and utilization within south africa. In Proceedings of the First Multidisciplinary Symposium on Phane. Gaborone, Botswana. Gashe, B.A. and Mpuchane, S.F. and NORAD, 1996. 18 June 1996.
Global Report on Non Wood Forest Products COUNTRY
CLASS SPECIES
YEAR
PRODUCTION unit
VALUE unit
EXPORT uni t
VALUE unit
IMPORT unit
VALUE uni DETAIL t
COMMENT
Botswana 3
12
13
Harpagophytum sp.
Honey
Bush meat
1992
10 719 kg
-
1993
3 278 kg
-
1994
24 437 kg
-
1995
45 633 kg
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1997
2 451 kg
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1998
501 kg
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1999
2 050 kg
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2001
17 036 kg
-
1993
231 kg
2 734,00 BWP
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2001
4 266 kg
78 176,00 BWP
-
2000
11 000 t
-
Average 2000 2008
2001
11 000 t
-
Average 2000 2008
2002
11 000 t
-
Average 2000 2008
2003
11 000 t
-
Average 2000 2008
2004
11 000 t
7 t
80 000,00 $US
-
Average 2000 2008
2005
11 000 t
29 t
379 000,00 $US
-
Average 2000 2008
2006
11 000 t
3 t
31 000,00 $US
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Average 2000 2008
2007
11 000 t
-
Average 2000 2008
2008
11 000 t
-
Average 2000 2008
NWFP Classes : 1 Food 2 Fodder 3 Raw material for medicine and aromatic products 4 Colorants and dyes 5 Raw material for utensils, handicrafts and construction 6 Ornamental plants 7 Exudates 8 Other plant products 10 Living animals 11 Hides, skins and trophies 12 Wild honey and bee-wax 13 Bush meat 14 Raw material for medicine 15 Raw material for colorants 16 Other edible animal products 17 Other non-edible animal products 20 Mushrooms
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