Solar Collectors for Solar Coooling Market status and new developments
João Farinha Mendes
[email protected]
DER / INETI
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
Active solar cooling. The first experiments 1878 Paris World Exibition: In the 29th September, Augustin Mouchot used the absorption machine of Edmund Carré to obtain the first piece of ice with solar energy.
Mouchot, Augustin: La chaleur Solaire et ses Applications Industrielles (German translation, published in Olynthus, 1987)
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
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Father Himalaya : a pionneer in Portugal
Father Himalaya Father Himalaya in 1902
Father Manuel A. Gomes near his Pyrheliophoro showed to the public during the Universal Exposition of Saint Louis (USA), in 1904, where he obtained the Grand Prix (50 m2; ~3800ºC).
[1] – Jacinto Rodrigues –“A Conspiração Solar do Padre Himalaia” – Edited by Cooperativa de Actividades Artisticas, Porto (Portugal), 1999.
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
Electricity consumption in Portugal GWh
[%]
50000
8 7 6
40000 5 4 3 30000 2 1 20000
0 1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
In Spain the electricity consumption is increasing at a rate of 6-7% / year Both countries import more than 80% of total energy consumption
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
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Buildings are responsible by 58% of electricity consumption in Portugal Buildings are responsible by 22% of final energy consumption in Portugal Residential sector represent 13% of final energy consumption in Portugal.
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
Solar radiation availability
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
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Solar radiation availability
Global radiation at optimally inclined surface Annual average of daily sums [Wh/m2]
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
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Solar assisted air conditioning
Solar cooling: . High level of solar radiation in summer . Reduction of fossil fuel consumption . Increased ecomomic viability (annual utilization) . Low CO2, NOx, SOx, etc., emissions and also : . No dangerous refrigerants to ozone and greenhouse effect . High quality of the air conditioned (100% new air )
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
Solar Cooling Technologies
comercial availability Tested in pilot instalations
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
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Solar cooling. Closed cycles
Cooled Cooledwater water temperature temperature: : 8°C 8°C Cooling Coolingwater water temperature: temperature:28°C 28°C
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
Solar cooling. Closed cycles
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
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Solar collectors and solar cooling
1.0
SAC SAC==air airsolar solarcollector collector CPC = stationary CPC = stationaryCPC CPC
EHP EHP==vaccum vaccumtubes tubeswith with heat heatpipes pipes
adsorption
0.8
1-effect absorption
0.7
ηcoll
FPC FPC==flat flatplate platesolar solar collector collectorwith withselective selective surface surface
CPCdesiccant
0.9
2-effect absorption
0.6
SYC
0.5 0.4
EDF EDF==evacuated evacuatedcollecor collecor with withdirect directcirculation circulation
0.3
SYC SYC==Sydney Sydneyvacuum vacuum tubes, tubes,stationary, stationary,with with concentration concentration
0.1
EDF
SAC
0.2 FPC
0.0 0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
EHP 0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
∆T/G [Km2/W] Hans-Martin Henning
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
Collector Performance Efficiency equation:
G = Ib + Id Increase optical efficiency Decrease thermal losses : radiation (selective surface, concentration ratio) convection (vacuum, double cover, TIM …) conduction (vacuum) IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
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Stationary Collectors. Improved flat plate collectors ISE/ESE Double glazed with AR glass cover
Operating Temp.: 80-150ºC Area: 2 m2
SCHUCO Double glazed glass cover
η > 50% Τ 50MWp (2-3 euro / Wp)
Eurotrough collector
Mojave Desert / California Years 84-91 / 354 MWp = 9 SEGS Annual Efic 14 a 18% ; max=21% CF =24% Hibrid: 5 a 25%
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
Parabolic Trough Power Plants Solar Thermal Electricity with Parabolic Troughs Secondary Concentration wih CPC (ARDISS proj. )
Direct prodution of steam in the absorber T > 400 ºC.
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
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Non-stationary collectors. The parabolic troughs • • • • •
Spain Mexico Germany Austria Israel
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
Operating Temperature: 100-200ºC Area: 2.0 m2 (4m*0.5m) Focal length : 10 cm
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
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Operating Temperature: 80-300ºC Area: 2 m2 (2m*1m)
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
Parabolic Trough Collector Mexico - CIE/UNAM
Operating Temperature: 130-300ºC Area: 2.62 m2 (6m * 0.44m) Foca length: 70 cm
T 220ºC
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
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SOLEL Collector, Israel Australian National University Operating Temperature: 80-150ºC Area: 37.2 m2 (24m * 1.55m) C=38 Focal length: 85 cm (11.5kg/m2) Designed for electricity (mono cristaline solar cells) and heat production (by cooling cells)
T 180ºC : cogeneration system
SOLEL#6, the sixth generation, upgraded version of the LS2 parabolic trough (T 400ºC)
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
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Operating Temperature: 100-200ºC Area: 9.162 m2 (5.09m*1.8m) Focal length : 78 cm
Operating Temperature: 100-200ºC Area: 9.162 m2 (2*6*6m*0.5m) Focal length : 250 cm
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
CLFR - Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector To come close to the parabola by set of flat tangent mirrors
Solarmundo / PSE
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 2007
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CLFR Power Plant • Less absorber per m2 : lower thermal losses • Absorber is fixed : possibility to have DISS • Flat mirrors (lower cost), which can have a small curvature, i.e. extra concentration or greater size to the same concentration. • Sun tracking with lower accuracy: clock mechanism, simpler and cheaper • Temperature