the case of the bilabial plosives Plosives

... closing diphthongs (/e/ /a/ / / and / /. /a/) can be followed by //, making a triphthong (/e / /a / / / and / / /a /: 3 elements in one vowel). • They tend to get simplified: ...
Télécharger le PDF
12MB taille 33 téléchargements 380 vues
commentaire
Report
Plosives (or stops): the case of the bilabial plosives

3. MANNER of articulation

Upper lip

• How and to what extent the airstream is blocked (completely, incompletely).

articulators Lower lip

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

29

t

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

Plosives (or stops): the case of the bilabial plosives

30

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Manners of articulation Complete closure p

b

t

d

k !

or ‘hold’ Clark & Yallop (1995) 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

31

Incomplete 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama closure

Wells & House (1995)

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 32

Fricatives: the case of the alveolar fricatives

Fricatives: the case of the alveolar fricatives Alveolar ridge articulators

t

Tongue tip or blade

• The airstream passes through the narrow passage between the articulators, creating a continuous hissing sound (heard as friction) caused by turbulent airflow. 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Clark & Yallop (1995) 33

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

34

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Affricates: the case of the palato-alveolar affricates

Manners of articulation

Alveolar ridge - hard palate

Complete closure

articulators

f

v " # s

z

$

%

h

t

Tongue blade

• Affricate: plosive (stop) + fricative.

Incomplete 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama closure

Wells & House (1995)

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 35

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

36

Nasals Nasal consonants

Manners of articulation Complete closure

• The soft palate (velum) is lowered so that the airsteam will pass through the nasal cavity, but not through

t$ d%

Incomplete 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama closure

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 37

the oral cavity because of a complete stricture at some point in the oral P. Ashby (1995) cavity. 38 LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

Nasals: the case of the bilabial nasal

Manners of articulation

Pharyngeal wall Velum Upper lip

Complete closure

Airflow through the nasal cavity

articulators m Lower lip

No airflow through the oral cavity

• Phase 2: air flows out through the nose, but not from the mouth. 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

n

&

t

39

Incomplete 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama closure

Wells & House (1995)

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 40

Approximants: the case of the palato-alveolar (postalveolar) approximant

Manners of articulation

Back of the alveolar ridge

Complete closure

articulators

t

Tongue tip

• The articulators come close, but not enough to create turbulence: there is no hissing sound. 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

r

41

Wells & House (1995)

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

w

Kelly (2000) 42

Lateral approximants: the case of the alveolar lateral approximant

• Compare:

Approximants

Incomplete 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama closure

j

Fricatives

Alveolar ridge articulators

t

t t

Tongue blade narrow enough to generate turbulence

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

43

• The articulators come close and makes a complete closure in the centre of the vocal tract, but air escapes through one of the sides or the both : there is no hissing sound. 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

44

Manners of articulation

• Compare: Complete closure

r

l

approximant

Catford (1988) 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

45

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Incomplete 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama closure

l

Wells & House (1995)

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Manners of articulation: summary (or stop)

2. Vowels

(lateral approximant) 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

folds

Kelly (2000)47

Kelly (2000) 46

The vowels of English

Strong (full) vowels

• Strong (full) vowels: srong (stressed) syllables • Weak (reduced) vowels: weak (unstressed) syllables

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

• • • •

49

Long vowels Short vowels Diphthongs (Triphthongs)

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

50

/i!/ 1. Long vowels /bi'd/ /ki'/ /t"i'z/ /si'n/

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 52

/$!/

/#!/

/")'t/ )' /w)'d/ /s)'v/ /p)'l/

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 53

/f('/ /p('t/ /h('f/ /kl('s/

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

/%!/

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 54

/u!/

/f*'k/ /k*'l/ /s*'/ /*'l/ *' /b*'t/

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 55

/fu'd/ /hu'/ /fru't/ /tru'/ /su'p/

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 56

Short vowels • Only ‘relatively’ short compared to the similar long vowel, in the same environment.

2. Short vowels

• e.g. /"i'p/ > /"+p/ • Short vowels apprear only before a consonant. No English word ends with a short vowel.

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

/'/

58

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

/e/

/h+t/ /b+n/ /f+"/ /(+)k/

/e&/ /sed/ /left/ /red/ /hed/ • Cf. /i!/

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 59

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 60

/æ/

/*/

Cf. Cardinal vowel No.4

/hæt/ /kæb/ /fæn/ /flæt/

/r,n/ /k,m/ /fr,nt/ /fl,d/ • Cf. /#!/

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 61

• Cf. /$!/ 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

/+/

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

/,/

/d-&/ /w-nt/ /k-f/ /&-t/

/b.k/ /&.d/ /p."/ /p.l/ • Cf. /%!/

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 62

Kelly (2000) 63

• Cf. /u!/ 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 64

Diphthongs • Long and short vowels (monophthongs): the vowels stay more or less stable.

3. Diphthongs

• Diphthongs: the vowel changes its sound, as if there were two vowels (from one to the other), but in a continous way.

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Diphthongs

moving toward the centre

moving ‘upwards’

3.1. Centring diphthongs Moving toward the centre: /-/

Roach (1991) 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

67

66

/'-/

/e-/

/b+// /h+// /b+/d/ /p+/s/

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

/we// /t"e// /.e// /ste//

Kelly (2000) 69

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 70

/,-/ 3.2. Closing diphthongs I Moving toward /'/

/".// /t.//

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 71

/e'/

/a'/

/ke+k/ e+ /we+/ e+ /se+/ e+ /pe+n/ e+

/ha+/ a+ /ta+/ a+ /ka+t/ a+ /ma+t/ a+ • Cf. /e/

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 73

• Cf. /e'/ 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 74

/%'/ 3.3. Closing diphthong II Moving toward /,/

/t*+/ /b*+/ /v*+s/

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 75

/-,/

/a,/

/&/./ /h/.m/ /sn/./ /t/.st/

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 77

/ha.s/ a. /la.d/ a. /da.n/ a. /ha./ a.

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

Kelly (2000) 78

Triphthongs 4. Triphthongs

• The closing diphthongs (/e'/ /a'/ /%'/ and /-,/ /a,/) can be followed by /-/, making a triphthong (/e'-/ /a'-/ /%'-/ and /-,-/ /a,-/: 3 elements in one vowel). • They tend to get simplified: /fa'-/ -> /fa-/ -> /f#!/ 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

80

How do you say these vowel letters? • • • • •

3. Some basic rules of spelling and pronunciation

• A /e'/

A E I, Y O U

• E /i!/ • I /a'/, Y /wa'/ • O /-,/ • U /ju!/

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

82

‘Long’ and ‘short’ pronunciations

• ‘Long’ < />, as the • ‘Short’ < 1> name of the letter. • /e'/

• /æ/

• /i!/

• /e/

• /a'/

• /'/

• /-,/

• /+/

• /(j)u!/

• /*/

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

/ju!/ or /u!/? • Basically, • /u!/ after /r/ /l/ /"/ /t"/ /d3/ • /ju!/ in all the other cases. • (but /su!t/ is becoming dominant) • (cf. value /4vælju!/) 83

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

84

‘Short’ < 1> when followed by one or more word-final consonant letter(s)

/,/ in some very common words

• /æ/ as in /hæt/ • /e/ as in /pet/ • /+/ as in /k't/, /d3'm/ • /-/ as in /h+p/

• /./ as in /p,t/, /p,"/, /p,l/, /f,l/, /b,l/, /b,"/

• /,/ as in /k*t/ 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

85

‘Long’ < /> when followed by a consonant letter + word-final ‘silent’

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

But not in some very common words, many ending in , ,

• /e+/ as in /he't/

• /æ/ as in /hæv/

• /i'/ as in /pi!t/

• /a+/ as in /l'v/ (cf. adj.)

• /a+/ as in /ka't/, /ta'p/

• /-/ as in /&+n/

• //./ as in /h-,p/

• /,/: /s*m/, /k*m/, /n*n/ ( /-4b*v/ )

• /(j)u'/ as in /kju!t/ 28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

86

• /u'/: /mu!v/ 87

28/01/2008 T. Kamiyama

LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 1

88

End of Class 1 Class 2: Syllables - strong and weak syllables