About evolution Darwin and the theory of evolution Mechanisms of evolution
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Contents
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Why diversity and evolution are important in biology ?
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Why diversity and evolution are important in biology ?
This not only an academic domain Fundamental - Speciation - Reduction of gene flow - Genomes evolution - Structural and functional - Metagenomics - Biodiversity of non-cultivable organisms - Evo-Devo - Emergence of new functions and phenotypes - Modelisation – simulation - dynamics of genomes, populations, ecosystems…
Applied - Health - Evolution of resistances (bacteria to antibiotics) - Evolution of populations - Epidemiology - Agronomy - Domestication - Plant breeding (Wheat, Maize …) - Environnement - Biodiversity and Ecosystems - Social questions - Impact of global changes - Diffusion of transgenes (GMO…)
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Why diversity and evolution are important in biology ?
Genesis - Mutations -Insertions/ délétions - Duplications - Chromosome breakages -…
Genetic variability
Evolution Adaptation
Maintenance - Selection/Genetic drift/Migration equilibrium - Population structures - Heterozygote advantage -… Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Why diversity and evolution are important in biology ?
Diversity and Evolution Essential and useful in all domains of biology
Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution
Théosodius Dobzhansky Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Evolution of ideas From fixism…and creationism…to evolution and mechanisms of evolution
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Fixist… …and creationnist era The scale of nature
Aristote 384 av JC – 322 av JC
Linear scale Scale of species according to their degree of perfection Human
Minerals Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Fixist… …and creationnist era Jean Léopold Frédéric Cuvier dit Georges baron Cuvier (1769-1832) Compared anatomy and paleontology
Catastrophism - Catastrophes occurred regularly - Life is removed from the earth Emergence of new species Kept identical form one catastroph to the next
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Intuition of transformism
Pierre Belon Naturalist (1517-1564)
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Intuition of transformism Etienne Geoffroy St-Hilaire (1772-1844)
L'homologie
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
The transformism theory
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
Lamarck and the transformism theory - Fossils are more and more different as soon as we move away from the present fauna - Slow modifications of species from primitive forms emerging by spontaneous (direct) generation - Regularly introduction of primitive species - Follow a scale of species Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
The transformism theory Lamarck: Philosophie zoologique: 1809
« inheritance of acquired characteristics » First law « In every animal which has not passed the limit of its development, a more frequent and continuous use of any organ gradually strengthens, develops and enlarges that organ, and gives it a power proportional to the length of time it has been so used; while the permanent disuse of any organ imperceptibly weakens and deteriorates it, and progressively diminishes its functional capacity, until it finally disappears.... »
Second law « All the acquisitions or losses wrought by nature on individuals, through the influence of the environment in which their race has long been placed, and hence through the influence of the predominant use or permanent disuse of any organ; all these are preserved by reproduction to the new individuals which arise, provided that the acquired modifications are common to both sexes, or at least to the individuals which produce the young. » Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
The transformism theory Lamarck: Philosophie zoologique: 1809
« inheritance of acquired characteristics »
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
The evolution theory Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)
Origin of species by the means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life (1859)
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
The evolution theory
HMS Beagle “The journey of the Beagle” 1831 - 1835 “The voyage of the Beagle” Published in 1845
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11 http://tpe2005evolution.free.fr/darwin.php?page=hist
The evolution theory Reproductive capacity of a population (Population growth) + Environmental constraints (Ressources are not sufficient restrictited)
Natural selection (Persistance of the fittest individuals) + Environmental changes
Competition Struggle for life Ressource accessibility + Differences between individuals can be transmitted to the next generation (Inhertitance of the characteristics)
Evolution
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
The evolution theory
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
1930-1950
Geneticist Théodosius Dobzhansky
The synthetic theory of evolution
Naturalist Ernst Mayr
Palélontologist George Gaylord Simpson
Basic concepts of Darwin + Chromosomal theory of inhertitance + Data from genetics, population and quantitative genetics
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
The neutral theory of evoluion
Motoo Kimura (1924-1994)
1967 -All is not adaptative, all is not selected - There is a neutral evolution (There is no advantage or disadvantage for a trait to be A or B) - Evolution by genetics drift Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Mécanismes de l’évolution
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Mécanismes de l’évolution What we need : A population including individuals with different phenotypes The phenotypes must be genetically determined Mutations are generated at random Natural selection and genetic drift
Selection of the fittest individuals For a set of traits (not only one)
Random evolution of the traits
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Mécanismes de l’évolution Natural selection and genetic drift
Selection of the fittest individuals For a set of traits (not only one)
Random evolution of the traits
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Mécanismes de l’évolution Natural selection and genetic drift From one species to two species
Environment 1
Environment 2
Barrier which prevent the gene flow Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Mécanismes de l’évolution Natural selection and genetic drift From one species to two species
Environment 1
Environment 2
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Mécanismes de l’évolution Natural selection and genetic drift From one species to two species
Environment 1
Environment 2
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Mécanismes de l’évolution Natural selection and genetic drift From one species to two species
Two different species
Environment 1
Environment 2
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Evolution is not a linear process
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
The first trees of life
Darwin 1837 (notebook)
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
The first trees of life
Darwin 1859 (Origin of Species…)
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
The first trees of life
Ernst Haeckel 1866 Increasing of complexity – Man at the top of the tree
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Evolution is not a linear process Origin of life
Homo sapiens sapiens
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Evolution is not a linear process
Homo sapiens sapiens Origine de la vie LUCA (Last Universal Commun Ancestor
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Evolution is not a linear process But the tree of life is like a bush
Homo sapiens sapiens Origine de la vie LUCA (Last Universal Commun Ancestor
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Evolution is not a linear process But the tree of life is like a bush
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
The tree of life today Archaea Sulfolobus solfataricus Thermoproteus tenax
Halococcus morrhua Halobacterium volcanii Methanospirilium hungatei Methanobacterium formicicum Methanonociccus vannielii
Homo sapiens Xenopus Zea mays Toxoplasma
Eukaryotes Bacteria Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
The opponents to the evolution theory and the mistakes
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Eugenics Propose to select Homo sapiens to improve its features
Sir Francis Galton Publication in 1869 of « Génie héréditaire » (« Inheritance of genius »)
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Eugenics Postulates 1 – Potentiality and behavioural differences have a genetic basis and are submitted to selective pressures
2 – The Human being is the jewel of evolution. This is due to the natural selection. This must be perpetuated.
Danger : Social Darwinism Influence of Malthus « Essai sur le principe des populations »
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Eugenics Question: on which criteria the selection must be done ? Imply the definition of a hierarchy « Positive Eugenics » Intelligence Social status « NegativeEugenics » Poverty Alcoholism Mental diseases Homosexuality Chromosome of crime (XYY Syndrom)
Weddings
Sterilisation Elimination Ethnic purification
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Eugenics
United State of America
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Eugenics
United State of America
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Eugenics
United State of America
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Eugenics
Consequences Etats-Unis 20,000 à 70,000 sterilisations Nobel Prize sperm bank German nazis 360,000 sterilisations Exterminations (Jewishs and Roms…) Lebensborn (Sring of life) France and England Fights between « supporters » and « opponents » leading to nothing F. Jacob about the Nobel Prize Sperm Bank: « if, like me, you knew several Nobel Prizes, this will take away the idea to reproduce them… »
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
The opponents
As soon as the Origin of species was published
Misinterpretation : Man comes from monkey
No… Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Man and monkey are separated (get divorced) since 5 million years
The opponents
Since then, I haven’t had any news
..we are cousins… We cannot live at the same period of our ancestor
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
The opponents
The Intelligent Design Do not denie the evolution but suggest that evolution is due to an Intelligent Design but not to natural selection or genetic drift. Emergence of Human is not due to a random process. Propose new interpretation of scientific results according to the Intelligent Design postulate Looks like a neo-creationnist proposition Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
Take home message
Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
- Darwin: Evolution theory based on natural selection - Adaptation of populations to their environment - Warning: All traits are not adaptive - For evolution, genetic diversity between individuals is required - The tree of life is a bush - Man and Monkey are cousins - The rhythym of evolution is not constant - Existence of stasis and period of rapid evolution - During the evolution of life on the Earth, massive extinction occurred - Extinction of most of the dinosaures (except birds) - 98% of species which were on Earth are dead Pierre Capy - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation CNRS / Université Paris-Sud 11
