ࠅࠌक़มࣷბ The Sociology of Urban Public Spaces
ຯ༬ݐభ · ྂాઙ ዸ ࣜؾၬ ר ᅳ
ቌ ᄲǖ ཚ ࡗ ࢅ ࡔ ݆ ܔெ ࡔ ܠዖ क़ĊĊনڢĂٷ႙ࠔዐ႐ĂכበĂਵ ࠷ݦĂ࠽ࢾࢅׇᇴڪĊĊႜ०ᄲೠຎLj ༵କړമࠅࠌक़ڦยऺኁࢅჺ৯ኁ
1 ྺ๊ࠅࠌक़ሞࡀࣄํ७ዐසُዘᄲǛ ࡗඁ 20 Ljࠅࠌक़ሞ݆ࡔࡀࣄহዘႎᆅഐට்࠲ڦጀDŽBilliard, 1988, Jolé, 2002Dž ă०ჾኮLjՓණྺLjࠅࠌक़ሞአዎĂঢ়षĂࠅࠌॳࢅิܠᄣႠݛ
௬ଣڦଇ߲ዷᄲ࿚༶ǖසࢆࠓॺీࠕ௬
௬Ⴤ݀ቛڦएԨᄲ໎DŽBanerjee, 2001Dž ăܸLjႹڦִ࠵ܠࡕLjࠅࠌଶᇘኟ
ၠᆶටਸڦݣक़Ǘक़ᅜಢ
ሞLjܸփકٷăሞࡗඁӷ߲๘ुLjܠᄣࣅڦຳᆶࣅڞײዂႚ๕ሁઠሁ݆
ᄢԵُݴၛڦᅪ๎Ljٝࠌࠅݛںଶᇘ
ᆌۼටනֶڦ้تࠌᅴႠă൶ࣅࢅߛࠅୟLjĐዷ༶ࠅᇴ݀ڦቛđ Lj॔रຍLj
ิׂڦă
ٷ႙ࠔዐ႐Ljோ্ม൶ࢅࠅᇦLjᆶኄၵۼኤํ๘হኟሞ݀ิڦԿࢇႠDŽLow &
AbstractǖThis paper identifies, through a brief review of a variety of urban spaces in France and in the USA, the street, the shopping mall, the train station, the café, the square and the garden, two main questions facing designers and scholars of public space today: How to conceive spaces that are at once accessible to everyone and which also foster a sense of shared concern, the emergence of a local public sphere.
Smith, 2006Dž ă၎ᆌںLjݒᆙมࣷ߰ڦඇ൰ႠኸՔDŽසपĂ௷ፃĂዖፃࢅႠ՚ڪDž၂
࠲॰َǖࠅࠌक़ǗࠅࠌଶᇘǗٳႠǗ ୁǗࠅࠌक़ยऺ Keywords: Public Space; Public Sphere;
๖๘হాྷݔփཞටඖኮक़߰ڦփेਗDŽࢇࡔටਃຈLj2004Dž ăᇀLjႹࡀܠ ࣄණྺLjࠅࠌक़࣐ኄၵՁթĂਦዮසჄ݀ቛࢅมࣷࠅೝኄૌႎ࿚༶ڦᅃ ߲ዘᄲăԨ࿔࣮ࠥࢅጺܔዘႎ࠲ጀࠅࠌक़ፕࠋ၅߳ڦዖփཞڦมࣷሏۯă
2 ๊ࠅࠌक़Ǜ ሞࡀࣄዐLjࠅࠌक़૦ઠԥ௮ຎྺĐਸݣक़đ LjኸনڢĂࠅᇴĂᇏૂׇĂ ࠽ׇᅜतഄࠅዚᆶࢅ࠶ڦྔक़Ljܔᆌᇀຳටଶᇘڦዿ߾ࢅݝፕׇăܸLj ৎઠዿ൶ఇ๕ڦᄇՎLjᅜतනᅮሺ߳ڦዖࠅຳࢇፕሏᆐईྜඇᆯຳටࢇፕሏᆐڦ ӷࠅࠌक़Lj݆ٗୱঙܔ܈ኄ߲߁༵କዊᅑăසৃLjࠅࠌक़ᅙփምᅜྺࡔ
Accessibility; Communication;
ॆतഄຌऐࠓࠌࠅڦଶᇘLjܸኸᅃ߲ࠅዚݛںڦă݆ٗୱঙܸ܈ჾLjᄺႹ
Design of Public Space
߸থৎĐࠅࠌᆩںđኄ߲߁ăڍ்ՂႷණ๎ڟLjณሞپړဇݛ๘হLjᅃ٫ཱི
Ԩ ჺ ৯ ྺ FP7-230824 ECURBSDŽEuroChinese Urban and Regional Bi-continental research SchemeDžၜణጨዺࡕׯ
ۼںڟ݆ڦ੦Ljڞዂሞுᆶණཱིۨںᆶኁࢅ࠶ኁڦ൧ူLjඪࢆཱིۼںփ ీԥණፕࠅࠌᆩںDŽBlackmar, 2006Dž ă ๚ํฉLjᄺႹٗมࣷბዐ߸ඹᅟइࠌࠅڥक़߁ڦăങৃྺኹLjᆶଇ߲փཞ߁ڦ ڞዂକଇዖ܀૬ڦăሞአዎቾბዐLjࠅࠌٗ߁ڦထજڦणࢅஆகڦஃ༇ዐइ
ፕኁǖຯ ༬ ݐభ · ྂ ా ઙ DŽ S t é p h a n e
ࠌ๚ခݛںڦăࡲభ · Ү༬DŽHannah Arendt, 1958DžණྺLjٗ௷ዷአዎپ้ূࣜڦഐLj
ࡀࣄბᇾLjޭჺ৯ᇵLjձ๗ăዷ
ဇڦݛ࿔৽ደॷປཽăܸLjߵᇀܻߵ · ࡘԞகຯDŽJürgen Habermas, 1989Džሞᅉ
ᄲٗ๚әĂ౨ሀڪ߳ڦዖ ࠅࠌक़ڦ૧ᆩĂྼࢺᅜतยऺ߾ ፕă ᅳኁǖࣜؾၬLjళٷბዐ݆ · ൶ᇘ · ࡀࣄბჺ৯ዐ႐Ljళٷბ ᇑ൶ᇘࡀࣄဣLjޭঞLjձ๗ āāā רLjళٷბᇑ൶ᇘࡀࣄ
ࡔाࡀࣄ
த౨ܻ · ڤDŽImmanuel Kant'sDžڦएإฉፕڦჺ৯Ljᅜႎ႗ጨׂपڦ෭ୄྺࣥጱLj 18 ๘ुᆼዘႎ၄କਸቛࠅࠌ༪ஃڦஃ༇Ljܸٗࠅࠌଶᇘም܈ና႗Ljณ࿋ᇀ णLjڍፁᅜܔਭዷࢅࡔॆڦਦ֧༵ዊᅑࢅăܸLjኄዖ௷ዷഔժփᅈડᇀ ڦዊႠࠅࠌक़Ljܸሞຳටࣷᅱዐႜڦăྸᅃ૩ྔڦၠࠅዚਸڦݣਵ࠷ݦLj ᅜतፌৎ݀ቛഐઠڦႠ߸ഽĂڍධփक़ྪڦஏăఫLjߵኄ߲ۨᅭLjٗ࠽ ڟׇਵ࠷ݦኄૌࣷۅںڦLjޏᅜԥྺࠅࠌक़఼Ǜ
ဣLjຬ๗ჺ৯ิ
40
ڥକዘᄲଳߌăፕྺࠅࠌڦၙఇ႙Ljࠅࠌक़ೝ௷ࠅڦڪणࢇഐઠ༪ஃࠅ
TonnelatDž Lj݆ࡔәڼๆܾٷბ
2009 Vol.24, No.4
ࠅࠌक़มࣷბ
มࣷბܔڦዊׇࢅࠅ௷ڦනߴۯࢻᇎକ߸ܠ
ܸփ၄ڦࣅپĐਸݣक़đࢅኹৣڦዊࣅڦ൶ዿ
࠲ڦጀăࠅࠌक़ߵഄิฉࢅڦ႐ฉڦႠ
൶Ljڦڜ૧ྼኔ৽൶ࣅڦፌࡻ૩ኤăჯ߳քຯڦĖெ
ႜಒۨLjܸփৈৈྺକႜՑஃई༌DŽJoseph, 1998Džăኄ
ࡔٷຶڦᇑิėሞ 1961 ӲLjԥᇤྺࡻ߸ڞבৃړ
߲߁၂ዸںકٷକࠅࠌक़ؑݔڦLjनǖփႴᄲೞగዖ
ࠌࠅڦक़ॺڦዾࢅࡀࣄံڦൻႠዸፕLjᅪ࿆ጣक़
ࣷᇵวݻLj߲ටڦඪࢆक़ۼԥණۨྺࠅࠌक़ă
ᅜᆅڞᇊڦมࣷወႾăࢬڦำሞबๆాํܠڟڥ७
ᅺُLjأକনڢĂࠅᇴኄૌدཥࠌࠅڦक़ᅜྔLj߳ዖ߳ᄣ
ኁڦტၚᆌă
ۯୁڦक़LjසཚยแDŽआכበĂںཎበĂऐׇĂߛࠅୟĂ
ᇑُཞ้Lj० · ჯ߳քຯॕࠌࠅक़ڦยऺࣷߴม൶
ཕڪׇכDžईٷዚၩڦݯक़DŽܠຕฆᄽዐ႐Džۼᅜᆩม
ڦมࣷወႾټઠዘᄲڦᆖၚăଷᅃఁெࡔට࿔ · ଠആLjॺ
ࣷბՔጚႜহۨăཞ้LjᄺׂิକᅪၡLjႚׯକܔ
૬କॺׯႚༀᇑට்ߌৣ࣍ܔኪኮक़ڦဣăሞܔհຯ
ڦण༹ණኪă
ܙਃ௷ණኪୟ০ڦჺ৯ዐLjඓۨକ߲ටॺ૬ഄĐᅪၡđ
ৃړLjࡀࣄࢅჺ৯ኁ௬ଣڦᆶ࠲ࠅࠌक़ڦධ
ڦዖዘᄲᇮ໎DŽLynch, 1960; Joseph, 1998Dž ǖڢୟĂՉহĂ
ዷᄲઠጲᇀมࣷბࠌࠅܔक़ڦଇ߲ǖࠅࠌଶᇘࢅࠅ
൶ᇘĂবࢅۅՔኾăڼᅃ߲ᇮ໎ĊĊڢୟLjپনڢĂօႜ
ࠌڦक़ăڼᅃ߲ᅜ߁ઔྺ༌ࣆࢅ༪ஃ߁ڦLjܸ
ࢅڢഄཚႜक़ăփৈ໒ሰକߌኪLjᄺࡀۨକኄၵߌኪ
߲ܾڼྺୁۯႠፌྺടړăമኁ༵କ֖ᇑ௷ዷአዎڦ
ڥᅜႚڦׯඓൎྷݔăኄၜჺ৯Ljࠅࠌक़ට்इڥ
ዘᄲႠࢅ೨ൎႠڦ࿚༶Ljܸࢫኁཨ߸࠲ڦܠጀሞ߲ටጲᆯ
ᅪၡڦዷᄲᇮ໎ăփ৳ᅜࢫLjݛںአުՍਸ๔ᅪ๎ڟLj
߁ڦฉLjᆮഄሞĐđڦႚ๕ኮူDŽLefebvre, 1968a;
ኄዖኪ๎ሞࡔాࢅࡔाฉܔཨጨĂਃዿࢅ୫ᆴ৪ኛڦԝৠူ
Mitchell, 2003bDžăኄଇዖۼ݆ݛภतڟႚༀᅜतਃ௷ࢅ
ਏԢڦയ૰ă
ᆴਜ਼ڦᅪၡ࿚༶LjփৈৈԈઔิऄዊଉLjܸԈઔتᇀ ৪ኛუ૰ኮူڦጲዷᇑ࠶ă
3 ࠅࠌक़ࡀࣄ௬ଣڦ
ሞ౹ዞLj๔ᇀ 20 ๘ु 60 ڦپᅪٷ૧ڦଷᅃሏ༵ۯ କԍࢺᇑ݀ቛڦग़ඹႠ࿚༶ă༬՚ሞࠌׂዷᅭአ ުձჱደॷႚׯକᅃ߲एԨஃۅǖᇑഄሞྔྷॺ ૬ႎڦዿݝඹభዐ႐ڦೖઓට੨Ăժָأ৹ڦ٪ଉዿݝLj
ሞ࠽ڦݘጺࠅࠌक़ؑݔڦᅜतჺ৯ࠅࠌक़ڦბ
ࡀࣄ߸ᆌړლ൱๑߾ටपᇑഄॺৣ࣍ׯࢇሞᅃഐాڦ
ኮࢫLjਦۨอሞ݆ࡔࢅெࡔਏᆶپႠڦबૌࠅࠌक़ǖ
ሞဣăኄዖஃᅃঢ়Ljᅃׇᆯ࠽ٷਃ௷֖ᇑڦీ
নڢĂฆᄽዐ႐Ăਵׇ࠽ࢅ࠷ݦĂכበᅜतࠅᇴă Đনڢđॽ
ڦܠԍࢺॺዾڦ߸ႎሏۯՍਸ๔କăዐ႐ڦዷᄲ
ᆶዺᇀ்ჺ৯ࠅࠌक़ࢅႚༀ࠲ڦဣǗฆᄽዐ႐ݒᆙ
࿚༶ኮᅃ৽ਸݣक़ڦඍ݄Lj்ໜ้क़ླྀڦᅎܸደॷԥ
ࠌࠅक़ڦႠLjժᆶዺᇀჺ৯ຳට࠶ࠌࠅڦ
གăൎܻྴઙڻDŽCervellati, 1981DžኸLjԍࢺࢅ߸ႎ
क़ڦਆ၌ႠăሞכበLj்ॽ༑༪ୁۯႠᇑࠅࠌक़ڦဣă
փڇྺܠٷຕձჱਃ௷༵ࠃႎዿݝLjܸ࣏ᆌࡃ࣏ᅃ
ਵݴׇ࠽ࢅ࠷ݦ՚ݒᆙ༌ࢅᆴႜኄଇ߲փཞڦୁႚ๕Lj
ဣଚਸݣक़Lj๑ኮٗຳටབྷᇾՎྺࠅࠌׇăኄၵक़փ
ӝࠅࠌक़ڦአዎࢅቾბྼ܈ཞࡀࣄଶᇘဣഐઠăፌࢫLj
ཞᇀ൶ዿࣄऺݝዐྺକဌᆅᅎ௷ܸ༵ࠃࠌࠅڦक़ă
்ॽ૧ᆩࠅᇴઠ༪ஃፕྺĐࠅࠌవ༶đڦยऺၜణLjᅜत
்ႚ๕ฉධনڢĂ࠽ࢅׇབྷᇾLjڍ்ڦԨዊԥණྺ
ࠅ௷֖ᇑยऺڦঙă
มࣷፇኯఇ๕ሞक़ฉڦᅃዖཨᆖLjᅜԍࢺᅙॺڦׯৠ ࠵ࢅิऄݛ๕LjܸٗՆ௨ৃړဇݛՓ၄ڦዐׂप
3.1 ࠅࠌक़ࢅႚༀǖၠনࡃ࣮ڦڢ
ࣅࢅձ࠷ࣅDŽmuseificationDžޅڦ၃ă
নڢᄺႹࠅࠌक़ፌ৳ڦၡኙኮᅃăጲࢫዘॺአ
ሞ ݆ ࡔLj ڟ20 ๘ ु 80 ݴ ݛ ں پ ݆ ڦୱ ॽ
֧ԥࠅණྺ฿ӨࢫLjন৽ڢॺዾࢅࡀࣄჄ࠲ጀܔڦ
݀ቛڦ੦ူߴݣࢫLjၠনڥ֍ࡃ࣮ڦڢᅜᆶၳํڦ
ၡă౨ሀڦมࣷऄॆۯ० · ჯ߳քຯDŽ1961Dž Ljፌራڦ၄
แăሞُኮമLjࠅࠌक़ڦยऺᅃཚ߾ײጆຌڦଶ
ॺپዾࢅࡀࣄ಼ڦೠॆኮᅃăཚࡗ௮ࣼਃዿڦন൶ĊĊ
ᇘLj்ܸዷᄲ࠲ጀऐୁכۯଉ࠶ڦăኄዖ૰߀ڦፇٝ
தࡘ߭ڦܙଠྰዎ٩Ljഽۙॺںܔৣ࣍ׯ൶มࣷྫڦዘ
ׯକٷଉኼሞ߸ႎዐ႐ڦၜణLjժټઠକኮक़ဌᆅ
ᄲႠăඓۨକॺዾࢅยऺᆌ୯຺߲ڦᄲۅǖॺዾ
ഓᄽࢅਃ௷ڦ၎ࢻ৪ኛăฉ๘ु 60 پLjሞᅃၜጹࢇํ७ዐ
ࠀీᆌंࢇǗন൶ᆌၭǗॺዾᆌپփཞپ้ڦǗ
ܔฉຎ࠲ᇀࠅࠌक़ڦෙ߲ݛ௬ĊĊक़๑ᆩDŽჯ߳քຯDž Ă
ට੨܈ᆌߛăኄၵᄲ໎ڦణڦӻዺԍܠᄣႠLj
ତᅪၡDŽଠആDžࢅԍࢺĊĊᇎᅜକཥᅃ୯Ljُࢫԥ࠽ݘ
๑ኮᇀ߲ටਃዿăཞ้Lj்ᄺ༹၄କᅃዖ༬ׯॺڦ
ሏᆩăഄዐᅃ߲ᆯࡀࣄࢅړڦአਜ਼݀ቛഐઠڦዷᄲ࠵ۅ
ႚ๕LjᅜԥྺĐၠনࡃ࣮ڦڢđࢅߛڦ܈ႚ๕Lj
৽༵ߛĐิऄዊଉđ ăᆯׂُิକԥኮྺĐยऺđڦ
ࡔाࡀࣄ
2009 Vol.24, No.4
41
ຯ༬ݐభ · ྂాઙ
มࣷሏۯăॺዾਖ਼ຯڻҾ · ྼڤટܻDŽChristian Devillers,
ᆶࣅڦट܋ă๚ํฉLjኄၵ൶ڦনڢฯڢୟۼၭഛڞכ
1994Dž༵କሞ݆ࡔยऺڦ߭ޅዷᄲᇱሶኮᅃǖĐยऺᆌඟ
ၠڦLjຌࡃᄽዷၹࣷăோ্ม൶ፌ؛๔ᇀྺටࢅට
क़࣮ࡃ๑ᆩđ ăኄᅃࡀሶڦࠅࠌक़ᆌړཚࡗग़ඹ߳
༵ࠃںݧڦLjᅺُLj்༹၄କᅃዖม൶ߌڦਥLjഄक़༬
ዖփཞࠀీ༵ߛ๑ᆩၳ୲ăĐยऺđዷᄲڟሞยԢᇑዿ
ۅᅜ๑்ੂഐઠ߸ၟ٩ግăܸLjჺ৯ටᇵᅙঢ়݀၄Lj
ݝևጨዺူॺڦዾ்ڦኧLjထྭཚࡗন൶ࢅڢୟڦႚጒ
न๑ሞኄၵม൶ాևLjมࣷ࠲ဣዐᅈጣਕߌDŽLow,
ܔ19 ๘ुঢ়ڦۆႚༀႜዘႎ܁ăᅪٷ૧ڦፔ݆ڦփ
2003Dž LjᅺُLjഄมࣷဣྫྫፌگăோ্ม൶ຼࢭᄺሺेକ
ཞኮتሞᇀܔࠓׯᄲ໎ڦ༬՚࠲ጀLjኄᅃ༬ۅᇑഄᅝຍ
ഄਃ௷ྔܔহڦয়༼ă்ൡၠᇀॽྔ၌ۨሞૌຼᇀߛڗ
دཥ၎ᅃዂăॽনڢࢅڢୟႚ๕ੂፕፌਏ৳૰ڦ
ࠔዐ႐ኄᄣڦԥණྺᆶมࣷཞዊႠݛںڦă
༬Ljܸփٷࠓईॺৣ࣍ׯăᅺُࠅࠌक़ԥੂׯ
ଷᅃ൵ԥഄኧኁྺĐႎዷᅭđDŽDuany ڪ,
ยऺ࠲ڦ॰ᄲ໎Ljࠓሰॺׯႚ๕ۯڦ૰Ljܸփ݀ቛڦ
2000Džăُૌၜణॺظᅃዖీಢᇣมࣷౡ૰ࢅ੦
ചăᆶڦLjኟཚࡗॺዾዐටᇵࢅۯୁڦොքLjᅃ
ணჽৣ࣍ڦăᅃ߲ዷᄲۅ࠵ڦǖਃ௷ᆌీڦօႜඁ
ཉࢅၿڦন֍ڢᆯׂُิăᅺُLjยऺॺ૬କᅃ༫ٗଠ
ࠔࢅ߾ፕLjሞবሀీᇸڦཞ้Ljᄺॽনׇ࠽ࢅڢገՎྺତ
ᅹڢٷĂٷনĂনڢĂၝڢĂཚڪڦׇ࠽ڟڢपဣཥLj்
ྫक़ăႎዷᅭॽெࡔටᆛᆶຳටዿڦၙĂܔ
ᄺࠓׯକยऺڦएԨَࣹDŽMangin & Panerai, 1999DžăႹ
ม൶ڦႴᄲཞჄ݀ቛڦ೨ൎᄲ൱ࢇഐઠăܸLjፌ
ܠยऺሞ߾ᄽ൶ቛਸLjժॽഄገՎྺႎڦਃ௷൶ăሞ
९಼ڦೠLjփ࠶ሹᄣ౮૰Ljᅈኻᆶटณຕڦਃ௷օႜई
әLjჯਖ਼ · · ڤԞဇ༹ᇣ࠷ཚԥੂፕᅃ߲ፌڦࠀׯ૩ጱLj
ഏጲႜྔכăჺ৯Lj๚ํฉሞኄዖ݀ቛఇ๕ዐLjၭഛ
ཚࡗፎዘনڦڢ૦๏߭ਆऻକڦकDŽChadoin, Godier
ڦכ๑ᆩฯܠᇀฉ๘ु 60 ڦپႎDŽForsyth, 2002Džăᅺ
& Tapie, 2000DžăܸLj࿚༶ධ٪ሞLjኄၵยऺޏኈڦཚ
ُLjႎዷᅭᆶዺᇀ၌ணჽLjڍփీਦ൶
ࡗႚༀԍࢺକங֠ሞ૦๏ዐܠڦᄣႠLjᅞई்ዺ
ࣅڦՁթăଷᅃ߲ࡕLjኄၵ٩ግڦনڢժփਏԢၙዐ
କᅃዖኟሞႜዐڦժ၄ৃᅙঢ়ԥඓኤକڦዐׂपࣅ
ڦऄ૰LjᅺณᆶఔิටܸݡڟՎׯጆຌႠक़ă
ײDŽSmith, 1996Džă
ኄၵ൵ሼڦࡔ݆ܔࡀࣄׂิକᆶڦᆖၚă் ݀ةକ߸Ҿඇࢅ߸ม൶ࣅڦଳߌLjኄሞႎዿڦݝਸ݀ዐۼ
3.2 নڢገၠ൶
ᅜ࠵ִڟăሞ൶ዿݝၜణዐLj ࠅࠌक़ྫྫԥൎߪׯၭLj
ৃཀLjሞ౹ዞࢅெࡔLjࡀࣄ௬ଣڦժݥሞक़
ժևںݴԥຳᆶࣅྺׯຳටབྷᇾࢅࢾᇴăୁཚႠڢڦୟ
ဏඍڦዐ႐Ljܸሞ݀ቛڦ൶ᅜतሞአުړਆܔ
ၭڟዮසনࢅڢၭၝኄૌ๎՚ႠডࡻڦႚༀDŽCERTU, 2007Dž ă
ႚༀ੦૰ডෑݛںڦă1991 Lj ெࡔऻኁ · ेDŽJoel
ڍLjோ্ม൶ࢅႎዷᅭڞዂକࠌࠅܔक़ڦມዘมࣷ
Gareau, 1991DžӲକᅃԨກLj௮ຎକఫၵ൶၄ڦႎ
ྼڦ܈ဃă்ኻዘॺม൶܈Ljඐࢮକࠅࠌक़
ڦ໔ంăኄၵྺĐՉᇹđăഄዷᄲ༬ۅǖ்
ۼڦႠăনڢփৈႚༀࢅدཥڦዊ၄Ljᄺᆯ
ྜඇᅈડᇀၭഛכཚLjժӀቷᅃዖොںీࠀڦᇘ߾ݴ
ݛںဣࢅైఁ࠲ဣंࢇܸڦׯมࣷ࠲ဣڦၡኙăݛںဣ
ႜፇኯăට்ሞኄၵႎڦඪࢆۼݛں݆ቴڟৎຼনڢई
༵בม൶ዐࠌڦၛक़LjཚᇑĐ࣌ૂđᅃَဣሞᅃഐǗ
࠽ޅڦׇৠLjे࣏ຫǖĐሞՉᇹLjేᅜቴڦڟేፌ
ܸైఁ࠲ဣഽۙඪࢆටڦႠᅜतᅃዖ௷ࣅڦĂࢻ၎
ৎڦĂඪࢆටۼᅜඁࠌࠅڦक़ీཕׇכă đDŽp. 52Dž
ፎዘࠌڦ٪Ⴀăยऺཚስࠅࠌक़ڼڦᅃ߲ຌႠᅜ߀
ெࡔยऺᆌܔኄၵ൶ࣅڦՁթLjසक़ષݯĂ
ՎĐߌݛںđڦ൶݀ቛईዿݝၜణDŽShaftoe, 2008Džăᅺ
ᅈડၭഛכᅜतมࣷႠڦᎍ݄DŽPutnam, 2000DžăڍLj৹
ُLjยऺྫྫԥၙၡዐڦᅙิऄࡽޙڦႠኙኧದLj
ᅺഄླ၃ܸৣ࣍ڦำఁળষăᅺُLjਸ݀ฆౢᇼॽၜణገᅎ
ۆ႙ڦ૩ኤ৽Đۼၕ٩đ ăසࡕሞߛڦ܈ں൶Lj٩
ڟ൶Ljժሞఫዘႎظሰ़ܔ૬ᇀዐ႐ᄺܔ૬ᇀ
ግ࣏ᅜຫۼႠڦLjఫሞ൶৽వຫକăᅺُኄዖ
ᄸৠ࠵ڦႎڦมࣷิऄLjܸփᇼ߀ሰ৹ዐࢅںࣚڦፏთ० ·
݀ቛՔኾጣሞ߳ጲ܀૬ڦໟೌӯڦତዐܔม൶ڦ܈
ჯ߳քຯࢬᇛڦĐག؊đႜۯăኄᅃ൵ׂิକଇዖ
ेഽăఫLjনڢධࠅࠌक़ڦᆖǛ
ยऺݛ๕ǖோ্ม൶ࢅႎዷᅭă ᅃݛ௬Ljٷଉႎڦዿׂݝፕྺ௨ྔহླ၃ڦՆߗޅ ेᅜླྀၨă்ԥྺோ্ม൶DŽBlakely & Snyder, 1997Dž ă
3.3 ࠅࠌक़ࢅྫǖฆᄽዐ႐ፕྺႎࠌࠅڦक़ ᆶၵටਦۨණኈेځܔڦዷቧLjժॠᄓฆᄽዐ႐त
்ॺ૬ሞྷ഻ాĂᆯຳටԍҾ࿐ڦຳටዿ൶LjՂႷ
ഄཕׇכޏဇݛ൶ႎࠌࠅڦक़ăሞெࡔLjኄᅃ
๖วݻኤాీݛăኄዖਸ݀ݛ๕ԥණྺଶᇘຳ
಼ೠܠٷጲมࣷბॆLj்ණྺĐெࡔࠔڦዐ႐ࣅđ
42
ࡔाࡀࣄ
2009 Vol.24, No.4
ࠅࠌक़มࣷბ
DŽmallification of AmericaDžᅪ࿆ጣኈኟڦक़ڦၩDŽZukin,
3.4 ࠅࠌक़LjࠅࠌยแࢅୁۯႠǖआכበࢅڦ૧
1995; Hannigan, 1998Džăฆᄽዐ႐॔ڦࢅ੦रຍ൶ݴጣට
ሞ݆ࡔLjࠅࠌཚںࠀׯဌᆅሁઠሁڦܠ๑ᆩኁLjڍഄ
ඖLjժ೨๑ට்ڦႜྺྜඇ௬ၠฆڦၩܸݯᅮᇀಸ௬ࢅ
ሏଉධᆶ၌Ljཚඹଉᅙঢ়ڟٳକԏࢅăᆶ࠲አ֧ڦ༪ஃ
༌DŽLofland, 1998DžăᅺُLj ࠅࠌଶᇘԥಇأሞኄዖ࣍ৣኮྔă
࠲ጀڟକ༵ߛཚยแڦঢ়षၳᅮăᆳ࣏ᅜবูLjක࣏
ڍLjሞၭഛכཚኧದں࿋ڦ൶Ljฆᄽዐ႐ධپ
ᅜ܈ޗٷ३ณăڍ்ณ࠲ጀࠅࠌཚक़සࢆࡀྺׯ
ጣܠܔຕටܸჾፌᅟڦڟٳक़ă࠶ᆶԍҾ࠶Ljأକ
ݔࠓࢅมࣷወႾڦᅃ߲ᄲ໎Ljኄଇ߲ݛ௬ڦ࿚༶ᅙঢ়
၂ॆࡃኁĂፋ৶ኁࢅഒ፠ኮྔLjཚ߲ටۼᅜă
ׂิă்ኈኟࠌࠅڦक़Ǜ
்ॽ࣮ڟᆯኄዖಇ؈࠲ဣᆅഐڦ࿚༶ฉઠă
༵ڟࠓLjआכበࢅںཎበᅑ݀ቛഽᆶ૰
౹࿔ · ߦސதDŽ1971DžණྺLjࠅࠌक़ైఁڦఔิට
߾ڦਏăሞഄତৎں൶Ljڞዂକߛ܈ዿࢅݝฆᄽ݀ڦቛǗ
ኮक़ሞ༬ۨᇼྭڦ൧ူႜ၎ࢻፕᆩڦଶᇘăഄዐᅃ߲
ཞ้LjᆯᇀࠀీܠڦᄣࣅࢅٷଉටୁLjႚׯକԲਃዿ൶ڢୟ
ዷᄲࡀڦሶĐஸႠࢮđLjኄᆶዺᇀට்Եُߴᇎ٪ሞ
߸ᆛफٷڦଉڦনڢăփ႞ڦLjכበ݀ڦቛ࣏߶փฉන
ڦ૧Ljժ߳ጲٗ๚ጲमڦ๚൧ăࢮժփڪᇀۯᇀ
ॷݴොࢅᇺڦணჽă๚ํฉLjፌৎڦჺ৯࣏Ljכ
ዔLjႴᄲᅃ༫ీࠕൟୁࡀڦሶă๚ํฉLjఔิටྺକ
በࢅཕڦׇכࢇᆶዺᇀ൶ڦሺăੂઠLjኻᆶᅃ߲ण
ሞօႜࢪ้ڦփጐڟԵُᄺᄲႜࢇፕăኄ৽ސનDŽLyn
ࠌࠅڦཚྪஏLjසںཎဣཥࢇߛၳࠅڦဣཥLj֍ీԍ
Lofland, 1998DžڦĐࢇፕీۯႠđ ă ُྔLjሞగၵ൧ူLj
ኤీᇸڦবሀժ༵ࠃᆶටۼࠌࠅڦक़ă
ႜටᄺీߴᇎĐᆶ၌ڦӻዺđLjස༵ࠃ้क़ईኸୟăཞ้Lj
ٗมࣷბঙੂ܈Ljසࡕ்ॽႠྺዷᄲࢅՂᄲ
ސન்࣏ྺĐম࠵ڦዚđ Ljӝࠅዚྺਗ࠵ڦׇዚLj
ڦೠॏՔጚLjबࢭுᆶనዖक़ኈኟၠᆶටਸݣăፌৎLj
ํ၄କࠅࠌक़ՂԢࠅڦዚ९ႠڦཉॲăߵኄၵՔጚLj
आכበतഄዜՉፕྺፌࢫڦक़Ljᆅഐକႎ࠲ڦጀă
ཕࢅׇכฆᄽዐ႐ࣃڦᅜԥණྺࠅࠌڦă݆ࡔมࣷბ
ړLjںཎࢅआככփ௨ڦݯăܸLjأକ୫ਜ਼ኮྔLj
ॆුүܻ · ձܻુڤᅉDŽSamuel Bordreuil, 2000Džሞ݆ࡔக
࣏ᆶ߳ૌሞഄݛںవቴڦڟ๑ᆩኁLjසॆࡃኁई
ෘৎᅃፗٷ႙ࠔዐ႐ాჺ৯ణڦڦ၎ࢻፕᆩႜྺLj݀
ኤᅎ௷ăᅺُLjܔᇀႴᄲᆌփཞටඖᅜतइ֡ڥጻްሗม
၄ᆩᇀۆ႙ڦনڦڢႜྺࡀሶएԨฉᄺᆩᇀࠔዐ႐ă
ࣷࢅक़ଶᇘڦरీڦට்ઠຫLjኄዖ࣍ৣᅑྺׯଆࡻڦ
ঢ়ࠥ࠼ฆࠥڦیਜ਼ࢅیᇵኮक़ᆶ้ࢪᄺࣷย݆ॺ૬ݥኟ๕
ბသׇă்ኈኟࡔڦाࣷۼٷăৎઠLj݆ࡔڦᅃၵ
࠲ڦဣLjᆮഄሞਵ֕ࢅ࠷ݦཐă
כበᅙॺׯईႪLjᇑฆیĂਵ࠷֕ࢅ࠷ݦࢇഐઠLjሺे
ᅉટॊ · Ҿڤ෧DŽElijah Anderson, 1999Džሞݯᅃॆ ాለ܁߾ׇፕ้ጀᅪڟLjኄ߲ڦݛںฆᄽഘݳሞࠔኁዐ ॺ૬ഐᅃዖएԨڦೝ࠲ڪဣܸٗᅜᅞೝሞনڢฉ
କฆᄽᇮ໎Lj๑்߸থৎᇀമ௬༵ࠔڦڟዐ႐Ljڍժփ ਏᆶስႠă ሞ݆ࡔLj SNCFDŽࡔॆཎୟࠅິDžࢅ RATPDŽәںཎࠅິDž Lj
९ڦڟዖፃഇLj๑߲ටԍᅃዖࡔाႠڦ࿔Ljܸٗӻ
1990 پഔۯକᅃၜႧ႐ղղڦჺ৯ऺࣄLjኼሞ༑כበሞ
ዺට்Ⴊኟጲमڦೋ९ăට்ሞࠅࠌक़ዐ࠵ੂڍԍାᅪ९
มࣷፇኯዐڦፕᆩLjཞօਸ๔࣏ڦᆶᅃ߲߸ႎၜణLjኼ
ڦ༬ኙ๑ࠅࠌक़ྺׯĐมࣷბသৣ࣍ڦđLjኄᅃ༬ۅ၂ዸں
ሞॽںཎበၠਸݣLjժॽᆅכበăә ڦGare du
ླྀۯକටڦႜྺၠፎዘܠᄣႠ݀ቛăኄᅃĐٷዚටዖბđ
Nord आכበDŽԛበDžྺׯᆯᅉුਖ਼ · ሀސDŽIsaac JosephDž
߲ටሞፌܠᄣࣅڦक़ዐᅜბڦڟᅃዖీ૰Ljᆶዺᇀ
ଶڦڞჺ৯ၭፇڦჺ৯ܔၡDŽJoseph ڪ, 1995Dž Lj݆ࡔፌ
்බഠ၎تă
ዸఁࠌࠅڦक़ࢅཚஃጆॆă்ຫକႠփৈ
ฆᄽዐ႐ܔĐփ࣌ᆓኁđڦಇ؈၌କഄፕྺࠅࠌ
ൽਦᇀॏ߭Ăכበ༹ํڦքਆኄૌዊཉॲLj࣏ൽਦᇀࠅ௷
क़วྜڦݻኝႠăසࡕට்၎ࢻፕᆩڦኄዖܠᄣႠڟ੦Ă
ڦऄۯरీăิ֘ቱDŽᅖĂླྀכ๑ᆩኁččDžेฉห
Đ৫ࣅđLjժಇأକᅃൎփඓۨޅڦ၃Ljఫኄᅃࡗײዐׂิ
ฉڦഇLjቱҹཚܔڢႹܠටܸჾ़փీ๑ᆩᄺੂփ९ă
ڦბသࢅ࿔৽ኻీ੦ᇀฉୁมࣷኄᅃုһڦඖ༹ăฆᄽ
ኄၜჺ৯ᆶዺᇀࠅࠌक़ิༀბ࠵ۅሞ݆ࡔ݀ڦቛăኄᅪ࿆
ዐ႐ሁઠሁںܠᆓࢇ༬ۨڦణՔඖLjኄᅪ࿆ጣᅃዖჹ
ጣႠ߲ටీ૰ᇑ࣍ৣक़ፇኯڦࢇă၎ࢻፕᆩ
ڪڦपስऐሞሏፕLj൶ݴକටඖLjժॽᅙঢ়၄ሞਃዿ
ᅜԥ௮ຎྺĐࠃᆌႠđLjनට்ሞႜײࡗۯዐࠕీޏइൽ
ଶᇘా߰ڦ࿚༶ްڟକฆᄽଶᇘăఫLjన֍ኈኟ
ժ๑ᆩDŽGibson, 1979Dž ăኄᅃஃྺܠຕว༹֘ቱට๗ټઠ
ࠌࠅڦक़Ǜ
କথتࡻڦLjአ֧ٝକࠅࠌक़ᆌᅖ๑ᆩኁڦႴᄲLj සॺሰೢۉࢅڢ༱ڪLjื༵ںٷٷକ்ࠅࠌक़ ీڦ૰ăཞ้Ljኄᆼߴఫၵీ૰փඓ߲ۨڦටټઠକ࿚
ࡔाࡀࣄ
2009 Vol.24, No.4
43
ຯ༬ݐభ · ྂాઙ
༶ăփࣷںړᇕჾڦఔิටྺۮ܁Քኾईࠅߢݯٷዜችă
ڟĐࠅዚđጚሶ࠶॔ڦLjߵࡘԞகຯDŽ1989Džۅ࠵ڦLj
்փଉՆ௨๑ᆩںཎ఼ǛཞᄣڦLj༬ටඖࣷփࣷ
नׂิକᅃ߲Đࠅࠌଶᇘđ ăኄᅪ࿆ጣLj༌ኁ๑ᆩڦჾً
ᅺྺڅᆭీ݀ิᅪྔ๚ࠤई࡞಄ሦാফܸණྺںཎླ၃
ՂႷԥࠥਜ਼ࢅথLj ฯఫၵփཞᅪ९ڦདዚăᅺُLj
఼ǛසࡕኄᄣLjཚक़ධඇ༹ਃ௷پڦǛ
ਵ࠷ݦᅜྺׯᅃ߲ბသአዎׇڦLjᅜत༵ߛมࣷऄॆۯ
ยऺĂྼࢺࢅҾඇۼכበࠅࠌ࠶ևோڦኰሴLjኄ๑ Ⴀᆼᆅ݀କଷᅃ߲࿚༶ǖࠅࠌक़ᆌԥྺᅃၜࠅ
ࠅܔዚᆖၚీ૰ׇڦă ࠽ׇᄺᅃׇ߲ࣷLjڍᅜփཞݛڦ๕ࣩ݀ፕᆩă
ࠌޜခǛᅃၵბኁᅃօॽࠅࠌक़ڪཞᇀĐڦ
փཞᇀ༌Lj࠽ׇዐዷᄲڦୁݛ๕ቛબǗईኁᅜኟ๕ڦ
૧đ DŽright to the cityDž ăኄዖݛٳ๕ፌ؛ᆯ݆ࡔቾბॆ࢘
ᄇᇵ / ࠵ዚڦႚ๕LjසཞਉӸᅃׇᅼૂࣷई࿔ࣅ๚ॲ้ᅃᄣǗ
૧ · ଚܻ᫇ޚDŽ1968DžሏᆩLjዷቧཚࡗܔਃ௷නิऄ
ईኁᅜඟईඇࡔࠅڦዚڦڟੂీۼአዎᆴႜڦႚ๕ă
क़ׂิڦઠ߸ࡻںႜ࠶ăፌৎĐڦ૧đ။
ᅝຍॆࢅ༃ݕঢ়ሞ࠽ׇฉ߾ፕă்ݿକׇৠLj༵
ଷᅃ߲݄࿆֫ڦ௬Lj࠲ጀ༬ۨටඖժٸሞగၵक़ዐڦ
ࠃएԨ๋ڦLjཞᄣڦLjॽ்ጲमገՎ࠶ੂׯনࠌࠅڦڢ
ਨڦܔీႠăெࡔბኁ༚ · ൎܻDŽ2003Džᅙঢ়׃ຎକዚ
ටă்ᅜԥණྺཞࠅࠌཚ߾ፕኁᅃᄣޜࠌࠅڦခ
ܠዐ႐ၠฆᄽ൶ྺྫྫࡃ࣮ڦକൻደఫၵփჯ࠵ڦටඖă
ටᇵǛ
ᅺُLjॆࡃኁĂฯᅎ௷Ljৈ٪ڦࠃລਥݛںڦᄺ
ሞბኁڦ௮ຎዐLjᆴႜ๖ྰܔဣዚටඖࢅࠅዚঢ়
ԍփዿăኄዖक़੦ཚࡗ၌గૌว༹ڦ٪ሞܸߵԨฉ၌
ၳڦăፕྺዚටඖLj்ঢ়ԥੂፕᅃඖԥොքڦ
କඪࢆටሞඪࢆݛں၄ڦీႠă၎ݒLjٷଉڦ
ᄭჾൻڦۯఇଇڦĂփᇨ֪ڦඖ༹ăڍፕྺࠅዚLj
ཚक़ሞມዘྼ܈ฉධՓ༵ࠃኄᅃ૧ă்ॽට்
پጣᅃ߲Ԉࡤඇև༹߲ڦኝ༹Ljഄփৈৈ੍ࠌཞ࠲ጀ
ٗ A ڟټۅB ڦۅཚ߾ਏLjᅜԍኤට்ྺକፁႴᄲܸጲ
ڦ࿚༶Ljཞ้ᄺႴᄲߛీڦ܈९܈LjՂႷԥدথࢅدխă
ᆯୁۯă்ᄺඟට்ሞُ၎ᇜժሞण༹࣍ৣዐӳᄇ߳ዖ
ᅺُLjᆴႜׯକĐࠅࠌଶᇘđ DŽᅜ༹ڦႚ๕Džᇑࠅڦ
փཞঙࠌڦ٪Ⴀڦዊक़ă
ࠌक़၎ሦᇜڦፌॅ૩ኤኮᅃă๚ํฉLjኟਏᆶߛీ܈९
ᄺႹLjכበࢅม൶ྜඇ၎ݒLj்փአዎ༪ஃׇڦLj
ڦ܈ඖ༹ሞڦࣅࡽޙक़ዐण֍ీᆅ݀๚ॲLjࢫཚࡗ
ᅺྺ்փཕူઠႩတݛںڦLjڍ்ీඟۼටٗዐକ
༹ႜدխLjܸփݒኮă࣑ਔࣆຫLjኻᆶړዊक़ᇑ࿔
ጲमڦཞԇă்࠲ٳጀڦፌࡻݛںڦǛ
ࣅईአዎ๚ॲԨวᅙঢ়٪ሞକగዖీׯၟժدխ࠲ڦႠ้Lj ྪஏĂԒኽࢅۉฉຎڦĐࠅࠌଶᇘđ֍߸ेᆶၳăፕྺ
3.5 ࠅࠌक़ᇑ௷ዷǖ࠽ࢅׇਵ࠷ݦLjႩတࢅࠏཚ ଇዖࠅࠌक़ຼࢭ߸ࡻ༹ں၄କࠅࠌक़ڦྫࠀీă ਵ࠷ݦᅃ߲ಸ௬Ăࢅࣆܔ༪ஃׇڦLj࠽ׇᅃ߲አዎणࣷĂ
ᅃዖٳᅴᅱׇڦLjࠅࠌ࠽ׇ༬՚૦๏ႠׇLjྫྫჹ ߭ᇀয়ִࢅยऺ֧Ljᅜ३ณዚࢅणࣷڦీႠDŽLow, 2000Dž Ljईኁ๑ഄ߸ࢇႜ࿔ࣅऄۯLjܸݥአዎऄۯă
णࢇࢅ๖ྰݛںڦă ฉ࿔༵ڟLjਵ࠷ݦมࣷഔາڦחᅍׂLjᅃ߲ு
3.6 ࠅࠌक़ࢅ֖ᇑǖፕྺยऺၜణڦࠅᇴ
ᆶ߾ፕׇڦሀຐĂᄺுᆶॆབྷԓአڦมࣷࣅׇڦDŽSennett,
๖ྰᆴႜፕྺࠅዚٳጲमᅪ९ݛڦ๕ਏᆶኛᅱLjᆮഄ
1970DžăӀቷӎܻکԎDŽOldenburg, 1989Džڦຫ݆LjĐڼ
ړ༪ஃࢅ༌ಒ݆ႜ้ăڍࠅࠌक़ཞᄣᅜྺ߸
ෙׇđLjሞఫLjට்تᇀᅃ߲ຄဒৣ࣍ڦዐLj௬וনڢLj
ਏၹፕႠॆٷॽںࢇሞᅃഐڦLjሞݛںူ܈Ljਃ௷Ă
มࣷࡀݔሀຐᆼփᆩྜඇมࣷኧದăፌৎLjሞࡀࣄ
๑ᆩኁĂ࠶ኁࢅړ࠳ᇵܔ༬ۨڦ࿚༶ႜ༪ஃă૩සLj
ዐਵ֕ࢅ࠷ݦཐԥᇤྺྺࠅࠌक़ሺཁิഘڦᅃዖጨׂă
ࠅᇴሞ࣍ৣዐڦႴ൱ଉٷLjዐጲহڦ
ی೬၂ߴටႜټڢઠକ࣌ૂLjኄԥፕྺࠅࠌक़ࠀׯᇑޏ
༹၄LjీӻዺేٗනڦঋሮփҾዐྃઠLjࠞే
࢚ڦଉՔጚăྺ๊ࣷኄᄣ఼Ǜᅃ߲၂ٴڦӄLjی೬
ሏࢅۯᇏૂăڍณᆶටኪࠅᇴഄํקዘมࣷࣅׇڦDŽJolé,
ঢ়षऄ૰ڦၡኙă்ྺႜට༵ࠃႩတۅںĂ๋ࢅᆃଙLj
2005Dž ă๚ํฉLjࠅᇴփࣷᇺටඖLjሞఫঢ়ࢅڦଣ้ڦ
ኄᄣ৽ీཚࡗཨጨኁࢅࠥਜ਼ቛ၄ᅃ߲ᆶڦତ࠲ဣLjٗ
ᆴਜ਼ኮक़ڦมࣷথةڦܠݥăࠅᇴڦኄዖมࣷྼ܈๑
ܸဌᆅഄیڦ೬Ljժ๑ืׂںݝኵईᅞཨጨ३ăଷᅃ
்ණྺ்ཚ৽ၟਵ࠷ݦᅃᄣLjߛݛں܈ႠׇڦLjԥ
߲ٴӄLjਵ࠷ݦॽڦม൶ైࢅ܈ఁྼ܈ဣሞ
ዜྷন൶ڦਃ௷๑ᆩࢅᆶăڍԲਵ߸࠷ݦฯڦLj்ၠ
ᅃഐă்༪ஃຳටࢅࠅࠌ๚ခׇڦLjժඪࢆටۼ
ᆶටਸݣLjٗ൬ටڟටLjٗਃ௷ڟᆴਜ਼ă๑ᆩኁሞࠅᇴ
ᅜഄዐă்ᅜፕྺ༬ۨ๚ॲڦม൶ऄۯዐ႐Ljժٗ
၄ݴದࢅࠌၛक़ీڦ૰Ljኄփৈৈൽਦᇀ࠶ටᇵܔ
ᅃၵଣ้ࠥਜ਼֖ڦᇑዐइᅮăፕྺᅃ߲༌ׇڦLjਵ࠷ݦ
ࡀሶڦኴႜă๑ᆩኁ၄ਦ؋ڦरీĂߵ்ยۨ
44
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2009 Vol.24, No.4
ࠅࠌक़มࣷბ
ݛڦ๕ਦۨޏ๑ᆩยऺݛӄڦरీLjཞࠅᇴ࠶ڦևோ ႜ༌ಒڦरీDŽස้क़ĂൣলĂ࠽խڪDžăኄၵ၄ၡ๑்၎ ႑ࠅᇴᅙঢ়ᆯ๑ᆩኁࢅ࠶ኁࠌཞ࠶ăኄၵरీᅜԥᆩ ઠ߀ࠅᇴڦยऺǛፌৎLjә྿ྂᅃ߲ᇴᅝཷܓሞ ә ڼ18 ൶ႎยऺᅃ߲ 4 ࠅ൨ࠅڦᇴăᆯᇀڅ႐ዜྷม൶ჹ ਮڦมࣷጒDŽೖ൬ĂᆛफĂ۾ᅟččDž Ljәᄥ൩କ ᅃ߲มࣷბॆၭፇઠӻዺยऺLjඓԍႎࠅڦᇴਸࢫݣ௨ປ ࢅԓ૰ăፕྺၭፇׯᇵLjࢅཞ๚ᅃഐጣඁֱںړਃ ௷څ႐ڦ؋Ljժׯ૬ཷܓ༪ஃెۨਦ݆ݛDŽRenaud & Tonnelat, 2008Džăኄၜ߾ፕएᇀᅙঢ়࠵ִڦڟഄࠅᇴࢅࣚ ڦں๑ᆩᅜतਃ௷യሞڦरీႜڦDŽGrosjean & Thibaud, 2001Dž ăၭፇ༪ஃڦణڦඓණኄၵీ૰Ljժॽഄభڟยऺ ၜణࢅࠅᇴ࠶ኮዐăኄ߲ঢ়ᄓኻዚํܠ७ዐڦᅃ߲Ljڍ Ljࠅࠌक़ཚࡗยऺࢅྼࢺᄺཞᄣᅜװ၄ྺᅃ߲ࠅ ࠌ࿚༶Ljᅺྺยऺࢅྼࢺሞ܈ײٷฉਦۨକࠅᇴڦ ႠăᅺُLjᄲॽࠅࠌଶᇘڦୁ༬ኙࢅक़ྼ܈ࢇഐઠLj փৈᅜཚࡗܔक़ڦᆶኛᅱڦ๑ᆩLjܸᅜཚࡗॽࠅࠌ क़ፕྺᅃၜࠅࠌޜခઠ༵ࠃLjॽഄፕྺਃ௷ࢅ࠶ᇵࠌڦ ཞڦण༹ၜణă
4 ஃ ࠅࠌक़ԈઔႹܠփཞڦૌ႙Ljٗ৹ڦ૦๏ዐ႐ڟ൶ ݀ڦቛăࠅࠌक़ڦႚ๕Ă๑ᆩࢅྼࢺݛںٗܔۼٷڟ܈ ൶ڦ܈ࡀࣄ༵କᅃဣଚዘᄲ࿚༶ăසࡕৃཀࠅࠌ क़ԥණྺ߸ႎࢅ݀ቛڦጨԨĊĊঢ়षၳᅮĂࠅዚॳ ࢅޟ૧ĂᅪၡĂୁۯႠĂ࣌ૂLj்݆ੂڦLjࠅࠌ क़ڦႴᄲࢅࠀׯံൽਦᇀॽଇ߲ዷᄲڦժՂᄲڦ ႠዊĊĊႠࢅୁĊĊࢇഐઠీڦ૰LjᆶഄႠ ዊۼᆯኄଇ߲ႠዊਦۨăړLjኟස்ੂڦڟLjᆶ Քጚۼᅜᆶփཞူڦ܈ײইLjٗಇྔڟၠᆶටਸݣLjٗ ม൶ׯᇵైڟఁኁăࡻںਦኄၵ࿚༶Ljժण༹༪ஃ ਦ߸ڦܠ࿚༶࠳ᇵĂยऺኁĂ࠶ኁࢅ๑ᆩኁࠌཞڦኰሴă ֖࿔၅ [1] Anderson E. Code of the Street: decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city[M]. New York: W.W Norton, 1999. [2] Arendt H. The Human Condition[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958. [3] Billiard I. Groupe de travail espaces publics. La Documentation Francaise, 1988. [4] Blackmar E. Appropriating "the commons": the tragedy of property right discourse[M] // Low S, Smith N, eds. The Politics of Public Space. New York: Routledge, 2006. [5] Blakely E J, Snyder M G. Fortress America: gated communities in the United States[M]. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1997. [6] Bordreuil S. Champs relationnels, champs circulatoires, Ville émergente et
urbanité au prisme de la zone de Plan de Campagne. PUCA, 2000. [7] CERTU. La residentialisation. CERTU, 2007. [8] Cervellati R. La nouvelle culture urbaine: Bologne face a son patrimoine. Paris: Seuil, 1981. [9] Chadoin O, Godier P, Tapie G. Du politique a l'oeuvre, Bilbao, Bordeuax, Bercy, San Sebastian, Editions de l'Aube, 2000. [10] Devillers C. Le projet urbain[M]. Paris: Editions du Pavillon de l'Arsenal, 1994. [11] Duany A, Plater-Zyberk E, Speck J. Suburban Nation: the rise of sprawl and the decline of the American Dream[M]. New York: North Point Press, 2000. [12] Forsyth A. Planning Lessons from Three US New Towns of the 60s and 70s[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2002, 68. [13] Gareau J. Edge City, Life on the New Frontier[M]. New York: Anchor Books DoubleDay, 1991. [14] Goffman E. Relations in Public: microstudies of the public order[M]. New York: Basic Books, 1971. [15] Grosjean M, Thibaud J-P, eds. L'espace public urbain en méthodes[M]. Marseille: Parentheses, 2001. [16] Habermas J. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: an inquiry into a category of bourgeois society[M]. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989. [17] Hannigan J. Fantasy City: pleasure and profit in the postmodern metropolis[M]. London, New York: Routledge, 1998. [18] Jacobs J. The Death and Life of Great American Cities[M]. New York: Random House, 1961. [19] Jolé M, ed. Espaces publics et cultures urbaines. Paris: CERTU, 2002. [20] Joseph I. La ville sans qualités, La tour d'Aigues, France, Editions de l'Aube, 1998. [21] Joseph I, Boullier D, Guillaudeux V, LevY E, Lacoste M, Bayart D, Borzeix A. Gare du Nord Mode d'emploi. Editions Recherches, 1995. [22] Lefebvre H. Le droit à la ville[M]. Paris: Anthropos, 1968. [23] Lofland L H. The Public Realm: exploring the city's quintessential social territory[M]. Hawthorne. NY: Aldine de Gruyter, 1998. [24] Low S M. On the Plaza : the politics of public space and culture[M]. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000. [25] Low S M. Behind the Gates: life, security, and the pursuit of happiness in fortress America[M]. New York: Routledge, 2003. [26] Low S M, Smith N. The Politics of Public Space[M]. New York: Routledge, 2006. [27] Lynch K. The Image of the City[M]. Cambridge Mass.: Technology Press, 1960. [28] Mangin D, Panerai P. Projet Urbain[M]. Marseille: Parentheses, 1999. [29] Mitchell D. The Right to the City: social justice and the fight for public space[M]. New York: Guilford Press, 2003. [30] Oldenburg R. The Great Good Place: cafš, coffee shops, community centers, beauty parlors, general stores, bars, hangouts, and how they get you through the day[M]. New York: Paragon House, 1989. [31] Putnam R D. Bowling Alone: the collapse and revival of American community[M]. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000. [32] Renaud Y, Tonnelat S. La maitrise d'oeuvre sociologique - Les jardins d'Eole. Annales de la Recherche Urbaine. 2008. [33] Sennett R. Families Against the City: middle class homes of industrial Chicago, 1872-1890[M]. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970. [34] Shaftoe H. Convivial Urban Spaces, Creating Effective Public Spaces[M]. London: Earthscan, 2008. [35] United Nations Human Settlements Programme. The State of the World's Cities: globalization and urban culture[M]. Sterling, Va.: Earthscan, 2004. [36] Wolton D. Les contradictions de l'espace public mediatise. Hermes, 1992. [37] Zukin S. The Cultures Of Cities[M]. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1995.
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