Urban Planning Overseas

shopping mall, the train station, the caf , the square and the garden, .... [30] Oldenburg R. The Great Good Place: caf , coffee shops, community centers, beauty ...
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‫׭‬๨ࠅࠌ੣क़มࣷბ The Sociology of Urban Public Spaces

ຯ༬‫ݐ‬భ · ྂాઙ ዸ ࣜ‫ؾ‬ၬ ‫ר‬᫛ ᅳ

ቌ ᄲǖ ཚ ࡗ ‫ ࢅ ࡔ ݆ ܔ‬ெ ࡔ ‫ ܠ‬ዖ ‫ ׭‬๨ ੣ क़ĊĊন‫ڢ‬Ă‫ٷ‬႙ࠔ࿿ዐ႐Ă‫כ‬በĂਵ ‫࠷ݦ‬Ă࠽‫ࢾࢅׇ‬ᇴ‫ڪ‬ĊĊ৊ႜ०ᄲೠຎLj ༵‫؜‬କ‫ړ‬മࠅࠌ੣क़‫ڦ‬ยऺኁࢅჺ৯ኁ

1 ྺ๊஺ࠅࠌ੣क़ሞ‫׭‬๨ࡀࣄํ७ዐසُዘᄲǛ ࡗඁ 20 ౎Ljࠅࠌ੣क़ሞ݆ࡔ‫׭‬๨ࡀࣄহዘႎᆅഐට்‫࠲ڦ‬ጀDŽBilliard, 1988, Jolé, 2002Dž ă०ჾኮLj೵ՓණྺLjࠅࠌ੣क़๟‫׭‬๨ሞአዎĂঢ়षĂࠅࠌॳ੃ࢅิ࿿‫ܠ‬ᄣႠ‫ݛ‬

௬ଣ‫ڦ‬ଇ߲ዷᄲ࿚༶ǖසࢆࠓॺీࠕ௬

௬੗‫׼‬Ⴤ݀ቛ‫ڦ‬एԨᄲ໎DŽBanerjee, 2001Dž ă඗ܸLjႹ‫ڦִ࠵ܠ‬঳ࡕ՗௽Ljࠅࠌଶᇘኟ

ၠ໯ᆶටਸ‫ڦݣ‬੣क़Ǘ൐޿੣क़੗ᅜಢ

ሞ๭໫Ljܸփ๟ક‫ٷ‬ăሞࡗඁӷ߲๘ुLj‫ܠ‬ᄣࣅ‫ڦ‬ຳᆶࣅ৊‫ڞײ‬ዂ‫׭‬๨ႚ๕ሁઠሁ࿮݆

ᄢԵُ‫ݴ‬ၛ‫ڦ‬ᅪ๎Ljٝ৊‫ࠌࠅݛں‬ଶᇘ

๢ᆌ‫ۼ‬๨ටන‫ֶڦ้تࠌ׉‬ᅴႠă঎൶ࣅࢅߛ໏ࠅୟLjĐዷ༶ࠅᇴ‫݀ڦ‬ቛđ Lj॔๫रຍLj

‫ิׂڦ‬ă

‫ٷ‬႙ࠔ࿿ዐ႐Ljோ্ม൶ࢅࠅᇦLj໯ᆶኄၵ‫ۼ‬ኤํ‫׭‬๨๘হኟሞ݀ิ‫ڦ‬ԿࢇႠDŽLow &

AbstractǖThis paper identifies, through a brief review of a variety of urban spaces in France and in the USA, the street, the shopping mall, the train station, the café, the square and the garden, two main questions facing designers and scholars of public space today: How to conceive spaces that are at once accessible to everyone and which also foster a sense of shared concern, the emergence of a local public sphere.

Smith, 2006Dž ă၎ᆌ‫ں‬Lj‫ݒ‬ᆙมࣷ߰૗‫ڦ‬ඇ൰ႠኸՔDŽස঩पĂ௷ፃĂዖፃࢅႠ՚‫ڪ‬Dž၂

࠲॰َǖࠅࠌ੣क़ǗࠅࠌଶᇘǗ੗‫ٳ‬ႠǗ ঍ୁǗࠅࠌ੣क़ยऺ Keywords: Public Space; Public Sphere;

๖‫؜‬๘হ‫ాྷݔ‬փཞටඖኮक़‫߰ڦ‬૗փ܏ेਗDŽ૴ࢇࡔටਃຈLj2004Dž ăᇀ๟LjႹ‫ࡀܠ‬ ࣄ฾ණྺLjࠅࠌ੣क़๟࣐঴ኄၵՁթĂ঴ਦዮස੗‫׼‬Ⴤ݀ቛࢅมࣷࠅೝኄૌႎ࿚༶‫ڦ‬ᅃ ߲ዘᄲ๮܎ăԨ࿔๬཮࣮ࠥࢅጺ঳‫ܔ‬ዘႎ࠲ጀࠅࠌ੣क़ፕ‫ࠋ؜‬၅‫߳ڦ‬ዖփཞ‫ڦ‬มࣷሏ‫ۯ‬ă

2 ๊஺๟ࠅࠌ੣क़Ǜ ሞ‫׭‬๨ࡀࣄዐLjࠅࠌ੣क़૦ઠԥ௮ຎྺĐਸ‫ݣ‬੣क़đ Lj๟ኸন‫ڢ‬ĂࠅᇴĂᇏૂ‫ׇ‬໯Ă ࠽‫ׇ‬ᅜतഄ໱ࠅዚ໯ᆶࢅ࠶૙‫ڦ‬๪ྔ੣क़Lj‫ܔ‬ᆌᇀຳටଶᇘ‫ڦ‬ዿ‫߾ࢅݝ‬ፕ‫ׇ‬໯ă඗ܸLj ৎઠ‫׭‬๨ዿ൶ఇ๕‫ڦ‬ᄇՎLjᅜतනᅮሺ‫߳ڦ׊‬ዖࠅຳࢇፕሏᆐईྜඇᆯຳටࢇፕሏᆐ‫ڦ‬ ӷࠅࠌ੣क़Lj݆ٗୱঙ‫ܔ܈‬ኄ߲߁౒༵‫؜‬କዊᅑăසৃLjࠅࠌ੣क़ᅙփም੗ᅜ૙঴ྺࡔ

Accessibility; Communication;

ॆतഄ޹ຌऐࠓ‫ࠌࠅڦ‬ଶᇘLjܸ๟ኸᅃ߲ࠅዚ੗৊෇‫ݛںڦ‬ă݆ٗୱঙ‫ܸ܈‬ჾLj໲ᄺႹ

Design of Public Space

߸থৎĐࠅࠌᆩ‫ں‬đኄ߲઻߁౒ă‫ڍ‬࿢்ՂႷණ๎‫ڟ‬Lj዁ณሞ‫پړ‬ဇ‫ݛ‬๘হLj௅ᅃ٫ཱི

Ԩ ჺ ৯ ྺ FP7-230824 ECURBSDŽEuroChinese Urban and Regional Bi-continental research SchemeDžၜణጨዺ‫ࡕׯ‬

‫ۼں‬๴‫ڟ‬࿿඄݆‫ڦ‬੦዆Lj‫ڞ‬ዂሞுᆶණཱིۨ‫ں‬໯ᆶኁࢅ࠶૙ኁ‫ڦ‬൧઄ူLjඪࢆཱི‫ۼں‬փ ీԥණፕ๟ࠅࠌᆩ‫ں‬DŽBlackmar, 2006Dž ă ๚ํฉLjᄺႹٗมࣷბዐ߸ඹᅟइ‫ࠌࠅڥ‬੣क़‫౒߁ڦ‬ăങৃྺኹLjᆶଇ߲փཞ‫߁ڦ‬ ౒‫ڞ‬ዂକଇዖ‫܀‬૬‫ڦ‬঴๥ăሞአዎቾბዐLjࠅࠌ‫ٗ౒߁ڦ‬ထજ‫ڦ‬ण๨ࢅஆக‫ڦ‬ஃ༇ዐइ

ፕኁǖຯ ༬ ‫ ݐ‬భ · ྂ ా ઙ DŽ S t é p h a n e

ࠌ๚ခ‫ݛںڦ‬ăࡲభ · Ү୿༬DŽHannah Arendt, 1958DžණྺLjٗ௷ዷአዎ‫پ้ূࣜڦ‬ഐLj

๨ࡀࣄბᇾLjޭჺ৯ᇵLjձ๗ăዷ

ဇ‫ڦݛ‬࿔௽৽ደॷປཽă඗ܸLjߵ਍ᇀܻߵ · ࡘԞகຯDŽJürgen Habermas, 1989Džሞᅉ

ᄲٗ๚ә૔Ă౨ሀ‫׭ڪ‬๨‫߳ڦ‬ዖ ࠅࠌ੣क़‫ڦ‬૧ᆩĂྼࢺᅜतยऺ߾ ፕă ᅳኁǖࣜ‫ؾ‬ၬLjళ৙‫ٷ‬ბዐ݆‫׭‬๨ · ൶ᇘ · ࡀࣄ੔ბჺ৯ዐ႐Ljళ৙‫ٷ‬ბ‫׭‬๨ ᇑ൶ᇘࡀࣄဣLjޭঞ๲Ljձ๗ āāā‫ ר‬᫛Ljళ৙‫ٷ‬ბ‫׭‬๨ᇑ൶ᇘࡀࣄ

ࡔा‫׭‬๨ࡀࣄ

த౨ܻ · ੃‫ڤ‬DŽImmanuel Kant'sDž‫ڦ‬ए‫إ‬ฉ໯ፕ‫ڦ‬ჺ৯Ljᅜႎ႗ጨׂ঩प‫ڦ‬෭ୄྺࣥጱLj 18 ๘ुᆼዘႎ‫؜‬၄କਸቛࠅࠌ༪ஃ‫ڦ‬ஃ༇Ljܸٗࠅࠌଶᇘም‫܈‬ና႗Lj໚඗໲࢔ณ࿋ᇀ ण๨Lj‫ڍ‬ፁᅜ‫ܔ‬ਭዷࢅࡔॆ‫ڦ‬ਦ֧༵‫؜‬ዊᅑࢅ཈቟ă඗ܸLjኄዖ௷ዷഔ௏ժփᅈડᇀ‫׭‬ ๨‫ڦ‬࿿ዊႠࠅࠌ੣क़Ljܸ๟ሞຳටࣷᅱ๪ዐ৊ႜ‫ڦ‬ăྸᅃ૩ྔ‫ڦ‬๟ၠࠅዚਸ‫ڦݣ‬ਵ‫࠷ݦ‬Lj ᅜतፌৎ݀ቛഐઠ‫ڦ‬੗๫Ⴀ߸ഽĂ‫ڍ‬ධ඗փ቞੣क़‫ྪڦ‬ஏăఫ஺Ljߵ਍ኄ߲ۨᅭLjٗ࠽ ‫ڟׇ‬ਵ‫࠷ݦ‬ኄૌ਋ࣷ‫ۅںڦ‬Lj๟‫ޏ‬੗ᅜԥ๫ྺ๟ࠅࠌ੣क़఼Ǜ

ဣLjຬ๗ჺ৯ิ

40

‫ڥ‬କዘᄲଳߌăፕྺࠅࠌ࿸໼‫ڦ‬૙ၙఇ႙Ljࠅࠌ੣क़๟ೝ‫௷ࠅڦڪ‬णࢇഐઠ༪ஃ‫׭‬๨ࠅ

TonnelatDž Lj݆ࡔә૔‫ڼ‬ๆܾ‫ٷ‬ბ‫׭‬

2009 Vol.24, No.4

‫׭‬๨ࠅࠌ੣क़มࣷბ

มࣷბ‫׭ܔ‬๨‫ڦ‬࿿ዊ‫ׇ‬໯ࢅࠅ௷‫ڦ‬න‫ߴۯࢻ׉‬ᇎକ߸‫ܠ‬

ܸփ๟၄‫ڦࣅپ‬Đਸ‫ݣ‬੣क़đࢅ࿮ኹৣ‫ڦ‬਩ዊࣅ‫ڦ‬঎൶ዿ቎

‫࠲ڦ‬ጀăࠅࠌ੣क़๟ߵ਍ഄิ૙ฉ‫ࢅڦ‬႐૙ฉ‫ڦ‬੗৊෇Ⴀ৊

൶Lj‫ڦڜ׊‬૧ྼኔ৽๟঎൶ࣅ‫ڦ‬ፌࡻ૩ኤăჯ߳քຯ‫ڦ‬Ėெ

ႜಒۨLjܸփৈৈ๟ྺକ৊ႜՑஃई঍༌DŽJoseph, 1998Džăኄ

ࡔ‫׭ٷ‬๨‫ຶڦ‬ᇑิėሞ 1961 ౎‫؜‬ӲLjԥᇤྺ๟‫ࡻ߸ڞבৃړ‬

߲߁౒၂ዸ‫ں‬ક‫ٷ‬କࠅࠌ੣क़‫ؑݔڦ‬LjनǖփႴᄲೞ঺గዖ

‫ࠌࠅڦ‬੣क़‫ॺڦ‬ዾ฾ࢅࡀࣄ฾‫ံڦ‬ൻႠዸፕLjᅪ࿆ጣ੣क़੗

ࣷᇵว‫ݻ‬Lj߲ට੗৊෇‫ڦ‬ඪࢆ੣क़‫ۼ‬੗ԥණۨྺࠅࠌ੣क़ă

ᅜᆅ‫ڞ‬ᇊ੺‫ڦ‬มࣷወႾă໳‫ࢬڦ‬ำሞबๆ౎ా‫ํܠ࢔ڟڥ‬७

ᅺُLj‫أ‬କন‫ڢ‬Ăࠅᇴኄૌ‫د‬ཥ‫ࠌࠅڦ‬੣क़ᅜྔLj߳ዖ߳ᄣ

ኁ‫ڦ‬ტ໏ၚᆌă

‫ۯୁڦ‬੣क़Ljස঍ཚยแDŽआ‫כ‬በĂ‫ں‬ཎበĂऐ‫ׇ‬Ăߛ໏ࠅୟĂ

ᇑُཞ้Lj० · ჯ߳քຯॕ‫ࠌࠅ׼‬੣क़‫ڦ‬ยऺࣷߴม൶

ཕ‫ڪׇכ‬Džई‫ٷ‬ዚၩ‫ڦݯ‬੣क़DŽ‫ܠ‬ຕฆᄽዐ႐Dž‫ۼ‬੗ᅜᆩม

‫ڦ‬มࣷወႾ‫ټ‬ઠዘᄲ‫ڦ‬ᆖၚăଷᅃఁெࡔට਻࿔ · ଠആLjॺ

ࣷბՔጚ৊ႜহۨăཞ้Lj໲ᄺׂิକ‫׭‬๨ᅪၡLjႚ‫ׯ‬କ‫ܔ‬

૬କ‫׭‬๨ॺ‫ׯ‬ႚༀᇑට்‫ߌৣ࣍ܔ‬ኪኮक़‫૴ڦ‬ဣăሞ‫ܔ‬հຯ

‫׭‬๨‫ڦ‬ण༹ණኪă

‫ܙ‬ਃ௷ණኪୟ০‫ڦ‬ჺ৯ዐLj໱ඓۨକ߲ටॺ૬ഄĐ‫׭‬๨ᅪၡđ

‫ৃړ‬Ljࡀࣄ฾ࢅჺ৯ኁ௬ଣ‫ڦ‬ᆶ࠲ࠅࠌ੣क़‫ڦ‬཈቟ධ඗

‫ڦ‬࿵ዖዘᄲᇮ໎DŽLynch, 1960; Joseph, 1998Dž ǖ‫ڢ‬ୟĂՉহĂ

ዷᄲઠጲᇀมࣷ੔ბ‫ࠌࠅܔ‬੣क़‫ڦ‬ଇ߲঴๥ǖࠅࠌଶᇘࢅࠅ

൶ᇘĂব‫ࢅۅ‬Քኾă‫ڼ‬ᅃ߲ᇮ໎ĊĊ‫ڢ‬ୟLj‫پ‬՗ন‫ڢ‬Ăօႜ

ࠌ੗৊෇‫ڦ‬੣क़ă‫ڼ‬ᅃ߲੗ᅜ߁ઔྺ༌ࣆࢅ༪ஃ‫౒߁ڦ‬Ljܸ

‫ࢅڢ‬ഄ໱ཚႜ੣क़ă໲փৈ໒ሰକߌኪLjᄺࡀۨକኄၵߌኪ

‫߲ܾڼ‬঴๥ྺୁ‫ۯ‬Ⴀፌྺട‫ړ‬ăമኁ༵‫؜‬କ֖ᇑ௷ዷአዎ‫ڦ‬

‫ڥ‬ᅜႚ‫ڦׯ‬ඓൎ‫ྷݔ‬ăኄၜჺ৯՗௽Ljࠅࠌ੣क़๟ට்इ‫ڥ‬

ዘᄲႠࢅ೨ൎႠ‫ڦ‬࿚༶Ljܸࢫኁཨ෇߸‫࠲ڦܠ‬ጀሞ߲ටጲᆯ

‫׭‬๨ᅪၡ‫ڦ‬ዷᄲᇮ໎ăփ৳ᅜࢫLj‫ݛں‬አުՍਸ๔ᅪ๎‫ڟ‬Lj

‫౒߁ڦ‬ฉLjᆮഄ๟ሞĐ‫׭‬๨඄đ‫ڦ‬ႚ๕ኮူDŽLefebvre, 1968a;

ኄዖኪ๎ሞࡔాࢅࡔाฉ‫ܔ‬ཨጨĂਃዿࢅ୫ᆴ৪ኛ‫ڦ‬ԝৠူ

Mitchell, 2003bDžăኄଇዖ‫ۼ݆ݛ‬ภत‫׭ڟ‬๨ႚༀᅜतਃ௷ࢅ

໯ਏԢ‫ڦ‬യ૰ă

ᆴਜ਼‫׭ڦ‬๨ᅪၡ࿚༶LjփৈৈԈઔิऄዊଉLjܸ൐Ԉઔ‫ت‬ᇀ ‫׭‬๨৪ኛუ૰ኮူ‫׭ڦ‬๨ጲዷᇑ‫׭‬๨࠶૙ă

3 ‫׭‬๨ࠅࠌ੣क़ࡀࣄ໯௬ଣ‫ڦ‬཈቟

ሞ౹ዞLj๔ᇀ 20 ๘ु 60 ౎‫ڦپ‬ᅪ‫ٷ‬૧‫ڦ‬ଷᅃሏ‫؜༵ۯ‬ କ‫׭‬๨ԍࢺᇑ‫׭‬๨݀ቛ‫ڦ‬ग़ඹႠ࿚༶ă༬՚๟ሞࠌׂዷᅭአ ުձ஍౅ჱ๨ደॷႚ‫ׯ‬କᅃ߲एԨஃ‫ۅ‬ǖᇑഄሞ‫׭‬๨ྔྷॺ ૬ႎ‫ڦ‬ዿ‫ݝ‬ඹభ‫׭‬๨ዐ႐‫ڦ‬ೖઓට੨Ăժָ‫أ‬৹‫ڦ‬٪ଉዿ‫ݝ‬Lj

ሞ࠽‫ڦݘ‬ጺ঳ࠅࠌ੣क़‫ؑݔڦ‬ᅜतჺ৯ࠅࠌ੣क़‫ڦ‬ბ੔

ࡀࣄ฾߸ᆌ‫ړ‬ლ൱๑߾ට঩पᇑഄॺ‫ৣ࣍ׯ‬঳ࢇሞᅃഐ‫ాڦ‬

ኮࢫLj࿢ਦۨอ๫ሞ݆ࡔࢅெࡔਏᆶ‫پ‬՗Ⴀ‫ڦ‬बૌࠅࠌ੣क़ǖ

ሞ૴ဣăኄዖ૙ஃᅃঢ়૙঴Ljᅃ‫ׇ‬ᆯ࠽‫ٷ‬ਃ௷֖ᇑ‫ڦ‬৑੗ీ

ন‫ڢ‬Ăฆᄽዐ႐Ăਵ‫ׇ࠽ࢅ࠷ݦ‬Ă‫כ‬በᅜतࠅᇴă Đন‫ڢ‬đॽ

‫ڦܠ‬ԍࢺ઻ॺዾ࿿‫׭ڦ‬๨߸ႎሏ‫ۯ‬Սਸ๔କă઻ዐ႐‫ڦ‬ዷᄲ

ᆶዺᇀ࿢்ჺ৯ࠅࠌ੣क़ࢅ‫׭‬๨ႚༀ‫࠲ڦ‬ဣǗฆᄽዐ႐‫ݒ‬ᆙ

࿚༶ኮᅃ৽๟ਸ‫ݣ‬੣क़‫ڦ‬ඍ݄Lj໲்ໜ้क़‫ླྀڦ‬ᅎܸደॷԥ

‫ࠌࠅ؜‬੣क़‫ڦ‬੗৊෇ႠLjժ൐ᆶዺᇀჺ৯ຳට࠶૙‫ࠌࠅڦ‬੣

ག஢ăൎܻྴઙ‫ڻ‬DŽCervellati, 1981Džኸ‫؜‬Lj‫׭‬๨ԍࢺࢅ߸ႎ

क़‫ڦ‬ਆ၌Ⴀăሞ‫כ‬በLj࿢்ॽ༑༪ୁ‫ۯ‬Ⴀᇑࠅࠌ੣क़‫૴ڦ‬ဣă

փ‫ڇ‬๟ྺ‫ܠٷ‬ຕձ஍౅ჱਃ௷༵ࠃႎዿ‫ݝ‬Ljܸ൐࣏ᆌࡃ࣏ᅃ

ਵ‫ݴׇ࠽ࢅ࠷ݦ‬՚‫ݒ‬ᆙ঍༌ࢅᆴႜኄଇ߲փཞ‫ڦ‬঍ୁႚ๕Lj

ဣଚਸ‫ݣ‬੣क़Lj๑ኮٗຳටབྷᇾՎྺࠅࠌ‫ׇ‬໯ăኄၵ੣क़փ

໲ӝࠅࠌ੣क़‫ڦ‬አዎࢅቾბྼ‫܈‬ཞࡀࣄଶᇘ૴ဣഐઠăፌࢫLj

ཞᇀ঎൶ዿ‫ࣄऺݝ‬ዐྺକဌᆅ‫׭‬๨ᅎ௷ܸ༵ࠃ‫ࠌࠅڦ‬੣क़ă

࿢்ॽ૧ᆩࠅᇴઠ༪ஃፕྺĐࠅࠌవ༶đ‫ڦ‬ยऺၜణLjᅜत

໲்ႚ๕ฉධ඗๟ন‫ڢ‬Ă࠽‫ࢅׇ‬བྷᇾLj‫ڍ‬໲்‫ڦ‬Ԩዊԥණྺ

ࠅ௷֖ᇑ‫׭‬๨ยऺ‫ڦ‬ঙ෥ă

๟มࣷፇኯఇ๕ሞ੣क़ฉ‫ڦ‬ᅃዖཨᆖLj੗ᅜԍࢺᅙॺ‫ڦׯ‬ৠ ࠵ࢅิऄ‫ݛ‬๕LjܸٗՆ௨‫ৃړ‬ဇ‫׭ݛ‬๨೵Փ‫؜‬၄‫ڦ‬ዐׂ঩प

3.1 ࠅࠌ੣क़ࢅ‫׭‬๨ႚༀǖၠন‫ࡃ࣮ڦڢ‬

ࣅࢅձ࿿࠷ࣅDŽmuseificationDž‫ޅڦ‬၃ă

ন‫ڢ‬ᄺႹ๟ࠅࠌ੣क़ፌ‫׼‬৳‫ڦ‬ၡኙኮᅃăጲ቟ࢫዘॺአ

ሞ ݆ ࡔLj ኱ ‫ ڟ‬20 ๘ ु 80 ౎ ‫ ݴ ݛ ں پ‬඄ ‫ ݆ ڦ‬ୱ ॽ ‫ ׭‬๨

֧ԥࠅණྺ฿ӨࢫLjন‫৽ڢ‬๟ॺዾ฾ࢅࡀࣄ฾‫׼‬Ⴤ࠲ጀ‫ܔڦ‬

݀ቛ‫ڦ‬੦዆඄ူ‫ߴݣ‬๨‫ࢫ׊‬Ljၠন‫ڥ֍ࡃ࣮ڦڢ‬ᅜᆶၳ‫ํڦ‬

ၡă౨ሀ๨‫ڦ‬มࣷऄ‫ॆۯ‬० · ჯ߳քຯDŽ1961Dž Lj๟ፌራ‫ڦ‬၄

แăሞُኮമLjࠅࠌ੣क़‫ڦ‬ยऺᅃ኱๟঍ཚ߾‫ײ‬฾ጆຌ‫ڦ‬ଶ

‫ॺپ‬ዾࢅࡀࣄ‫಼ڦ‬ೠॆኮᅃăཚࡗ௮ࣼ໳໯ਃዿ‫ڦ‬ন൶ĊĊ

ᇘLjܸ໱்ዷᄲ࠲ጀऐ‫ୁכۯ‬ଉ‫࠶ڦ‬૙ăኄዖ඄૰‫߀ڦ‬ፇٝ

தࡘ‫߭ڦܙ‬ଠྰዎ٩Lj໳ഽۙॺ‫ںܔৣ࣍ׯ‬൶มࣷ঍ྫ‫ڦ‬ዘ

‫ׯ‬କ‫ٷ‬ଉኼሞ߸ႎ‫׭‬๨ዐ႐‫ڦ‬ၜణLjժ‫ټ‬ઠକ‫׭‬๨ኮक़ဌᆅ

ᄲႠă໳ඓۨକॺዾ฾ࢅยऺ฾ᆌ޿੊୯‫຺߲ڦ‬ᄲ‫ۅ‬ǖॺዾ

ഓᄽࢅਃ௷‫ڦ‬၎ࢻ৪ኛăฉ๘ु 60 ౎‫پ‬Ljሞᅃၜጹࢇํ७ዐ

ࠀీᆌ޿ंࢇǗন൶ᆌ޿࢔ၭǗॺዾ࿿ᆌ‫پ‬՗փཞ‫پ้ڦ‬Ǘ

‫ܔ‬ฉຎ࠲ᇀࠅࠌ੣क़‫ڦ‬ෙ߲‫ݛ‬௬ĊĊ੣क़๑ᆩDŽჯ߳քຯDž Ă

ට੨௢‫܈‬ᆌ޿࢔ߛăኄၵᄲ໎‫ڦ‬ణ‫ڦ‬๟ӻዺ‫׭‬๨ԍ‫ܠ׼‬ᄣႠLj

ତ૛ᅪၡDŽଠആDžࢅԍࢺĊĊᇎᅜକཥᅃ੊୯Ljُࢫԥ࠽‫ݘ‬

๑ኮ๢ᇀ௅߲ටਃዿăཞ้Lj໲்ᄺ༹၄କᅃዖ༬๺‫ׯॺڦ‬

ሏᆩăഄዐᅃ߲ᆯࡀࣄ฾ࢅ‫ړ‬჋‫ڦ‬አਜ਼݀ቛഐઠ‫ڦ‬ዷᄲ࠵‫ۅ‬

ႚ๕Lj੗ᅜԥ঴๥ྺĐၠন‫ࡃ࣮ڦڢ‬đࢅߛ௢‫׭ڦ܈‬๨ႚ๕Lj

৽๟༵ߛĐิऄዊଉđ ăᆯׂُิକԥ‫׬‬ኮྺĐ‫׭‬๨ยऺđ‫ڦ‬

ࡔा‫׭‬๨ࡀࣄ

2009 Vol.24, No.4

41

ຯ༬‫ݐ‬భ · ྂాઙ

มࣷሏ‫ۯ‬ăॺዾ฾ਖ਼૛ຯ‫ڻ‬Ҿ · ‫ྼڤ‬ટܻDŽChristian Devillers,

ᆶࣅ‫ڦ‬ट‫܋‬ă๚ํฉLjኄၵ൶‫ڦ‬ন‫ڢ‬ฯ዁‫ڢ‬ୟ‫ۼ‬๟ၭഛ‫ڞכ‬

1994Dž༵‫؜‬କሞ݆ࡔ޿ยऺ‫ڦ߭ޅ‬ዷᄲᇱሶኮᅃǖĐยऺᆌඟ

ၠ‫ڦ‬Lj඄ຌࡃᄽዷၹࣷăோ্ม൶ፌ‫؛‬๔ᇀྺ઻౎ටࢅ޷ට

੣क़࣮ࡃ๑ᆩđ ăኄᅃࡀሶ‫ڦ‬૙౒๟ࠅࠌ੣क़ᆌ‫ړ‬ཚࡗग़ඹ߳

༵ࠃ‫ںݧڦ‬LjᅺُLj໲்༹၄କᅃዖม൶‫ߌڦ‬ਥLjഄ੣क़༬

ዖփཞࠀీ༵ߛ๑ᆩၳ୲ăĐ‫׭‬๨ยऺđዷᄲ๴‫ڟ‬ሞยԢᇑዿ

‫ۅ‬੗ᅜ๑໲்ੂഐઠ߸ၟ٩ግă඗ܸLjჺ৯ටᇵᅙঢ়݀၄Lj

‫ݝ‬ևጨዺူ‫ॺڦ‬ዾ฾்‫ڦ‬ኧ‫׼‬Ljထྭཚࡗন൶ࢅ‫ڢ‬ୟ‫ڦ‬ႚጒ

न๑ሞኄၵม൶ాևLjมࣷ࠲ဣዐᅈ඗௜஦ጣ੤ਕߌDŽLow,

‫ ܔ‬19 ๘ुঢ়‫׭ڦۆ‬๨ႚༀ৊ႜዘႎ঴‫܁‬ăᅪ‫ٷ‬૧‫ڦ‬ፔ݆‫ڦ‬փ

2003Dž LjᅺُLjഄมࣷ૴ဣྫྫፌ‫گ‬ăோ্ม൶ຼࢭᄺሺेକ

ཞኮ‫ت‬ሞᇀ‫׭ܔ‬๨ࠓ‫ׯ‬ᄲ໎‫ڦ‬༬՚࠲ጀLjኄᅃ༬‫ۅ‬ᇑഄᅝຍ

ഄਃ௷‫ྔܔ‬হ‫ڦ‬য়༼ă໱்ൡၠᇀॽྔ‫؜‬၌ۨሞૌຼᇀߛ‫ڗ‬

‫د‬ཥ၎ᅃዂă໲ॽন‫ڢࢅڢ‬ୟႚ๕ੂፕ๟ፌਏ‫׼‬৳૰‫׭ڦ‬๨

ࠔ࿿ዐ႐ኄᄣ‫ڦ‬ԥණྺᆶมࣷཞዊႠ‫ݛںڦ‬ă

༬෥Ljܸփ๟‫ٷ‬঳ࠓईॺ‫ৣ࣍ׯ‬ăᅺُࠅࠌ੣क़ԥੂ‫ׯ‬๟‫׭‬

ଷᅃ൵๞ԥഄኧ‫׼‬ኁ‫ྺ׬‬Đႎ‫׭‬๨ዷᅭđDŽDuany ‫ ڪ‬,

๨ยऺ‫࠲ڦ‬॰ᄲ໎Lj๟ࠓሰॺ‫ׯ‬ႚ๕‫ۯڦ‬૰Ljܸփ๟݀ቛ‫ڦ‬

2000Džăُૌၜణ๬཮‫ॺظ‬ᅃዖీಢᇣมࣷౡ਋૰ࢅ੦዆‫׭‬๨

ച࿿ăᆶ඀‫ڦ‬๟Ljኟ๟ཚࡗॺዾ࿿ዐටᇵ‫ࢅۯୁڦ‬ොքLjᅃ

ணჽ‫ৣ࣍ڦ‬ăᅃ߲ዷᄲ‫ۅ࠵ڦ‬๟ǖਃ௷ᆌ޿৑੗ీ‫ڦ‬օႜඁ

ཉࢅၿ‫ڦ‬ন‫֍ڢ‬ᆯׂُิăᅺُLj‫׭‬๨ยऺॺ૬କᅃ༫ٗଠ

ࠔ࿿ࢅ߾ፕLjሞবሀీᇸ‫ڦ‬ཞ้Ljᄺॽন‫ׇ࠽ࢅڢ‬ገՎྺତ

ᅹ‫ڢٷ‬Ă‫ٷ‬নĂন‫ڢ‬Ăၝ‫ڢ‬Ăཚ‫ڪڦׇ࠽ڟڢ‬पဣཥLj໲்

૛঍ྫ੣क़ăႎ‫׭‬๨ዷᅭॽெࡔටᆛᆶຳටዿ቎‫ڦ‬௔ၙĂ‫ܔ‬

ᄺࠓ‫ׯ‬କ‫׭‬๨ยऺ‫ڦ‬एԨَࣹDŽMangin & Panerai, 1999DžăႹ

ม൶‫ڦ‬Ⴔᄲཞ੗‫׼‬Ⴤ݀ቛ‫ڦ‬೨ൎᄲ൱঳ࢇഐઠă඗ܸLjፌ‫׉‬

‫׭ܠ‬๨ยऺሞ઻߾ᄽ൶ቛਸLjժॽഄገՎྺႎ‫ڦ‬ਃ௷൶ăሞ

९‫಼ڦ‬ೠ๟Ljփ࠶ሹᄣ౮૰Ljᅈ඗ኻᆶटณຕ‫ڦ‬ਃ௷օႜई

ә૔Ljჯਖ਼ · ‫ · ڤ‬Ԟဇ༹ᇣ࠷ཚ‫׉‬ԥੂፕ๟ᅃ߲ፌ‫ڦࠀׯ‬૩ጱLj

ഏጲႜ‫؜ྔכ‬ăჺ৯՗௽Lj๚ํฉሞኄዖ݀ቛఇ๕ዐLjၭഛ

ཚࡗፎዘন‫ڦڢ‬૦๏߭ਆऻ୤କ‫׭‬๨‫ڦ‬क૙DŽChadoin, Godier

‫ڦכ‬๑ᆩฯ዁‫ܠ‬ᇀฉ๘ु 60 ౎‫ڦپ‬ႎ‫׭‬DŽForsyth, 2002Džăᅺ

& Tapie, 2000Džă඗ܸLj࿚༶ධ඗٪ሞLjኄၵยऺ๟‫ޏ‬ኈ‫ڦ‬ཚ

ُLjႎ‫׭‬๨ዷᅭ໚඗ᆶዺᇀ၌዆‫׭‬๨ணჽLj‫ڍ‬փీ঴ਦ঎൶

ࡗ‫׭‬๨ႚༀԍࢺକங֠ሞ‫׭‬๨૦๏ዐ‫ܠڦ‬ᄣႠLjᅞई໲்ዺ

ࣅ‫ڦ‬Ձթăଷᅃ߲঳ࡕ๟Ljኄၵ٩ግ‫ڦ‬ন‫ڢ‬ժփਏԢ૙ၙዐ

‫׊‬କᅃዖኟሞ৊ႜዐ‫ڦ‬ժ൐၄ৃᅙঢ়ԥඓኤକ‫ڦ‬ዐׂ঩पࣅ

‫ڦ‬ऄ૰Ljᅺ࢔ณᆶఔิට‫ܸݡڟ‬Վ‫ׯ‬ጆຌႠ੣क़ă

৊‫ײ‬DŽSmith, 1996Džă

ኄၵ൵๞ሼ‫׭ڦࡔ݆ܔ‬๨ࡀࣄׂิକᆶ඀‫ڦ‬ᆖၚă໲் ‫݀ة‬କ߸Ҿඇࢅ߸ม൶ࣅ‫ڦ‬ଳߌLjኄሞႎ઻ዿ‫ڦݝ‬ਸ݀ዐ‫ۼ‬

3.2 ন‫ڢ‬ገၠ঎൶

੗ᅜ࠵ִ‫ڟ‬ăሞ঎൶ዿ‫ݝ‬ၜణዐLj ࠅࠌ੣क़ྫྫԥൎߪ‫ׯ‬ၭ੷Lj

ৃཀLjሞ౹ዞࢅெࡔLjࡀࣄ฾໯௬ଣ‫ڦ‬཈቟ժ‫ݥ‬ሞ੣क़

ժ൐և‫ںݴ‬ԥຳᆶࣅ‫ྺׯ‬ຳටབྷᇾࢅࢾᇴăୁཚႠ‫ڢڦ‬ୟ໫

ဏඍ‫׭઻ڦ‬ዐ႐Ljܸ๟ሞ੺໏݀ቛ‫ڦ‬঎൶ᅜतሞአު‫ړ‬ਆ‫ܔ‬

ၭ‫ڟ‬ዮසন‫ࢅڢ‬ၭၝኄૌ๎՚Ⴀডࡻ‫ڦ‬ႚༀDŽCERTU, 2007Dž ă

‫׭‬๨ႚༀ੦዆૰ডෑ‫ݛںڦ‬ă1991 ౎Lj ெࡔऻኁ൅ · े୛DŽJoel

‫ڍ‬๟Ljோ্ม൶ࢅႎ‫׭‬๨ዷᅭ‫ڞ‬ዂକ‫ࠌࠅܔ‬੣क़‫ڦ‬ມዘมࣷ

Gareau, 1991Dž‫؜‬ӲକᅃԨກLj௮ຎକఫၵ঎൶‫؜‬၄‫ڦ‬ႎ‫׭‬๨

ྼ‫ڦ܈‬ဃ঴ă໲்ኻ๬཮ዘॺม൶؅‫܈‬Ljඐࢮ๫କࠅࠌ੣क़

‫ڦ‬໔ంă໱‫׬‬ኄၵ‫׭‬๨ྺĐՉᇹ‫׭‬๨đăഄዷᄲ༬‫ۅ‬๟ǖ໲்

‫ۼڦ‬๨Ⴀăন‫ڢ‬փৈ๟‫׭‬๨ႚༀࢅ‫د‬ཥ‫ڦ‬࿿ዊ՗၄Ljᄺ๟ᆯ

ྜඇᅈડᇀၭഛ‫כ‬঍ཚLjժӀቷᅃዖ຿ො‫ںీࠀڦ‬ᇘ‫߾ݴ‬৊

‫૴ݛں‬ဣࢅైఁ࠲ဣंࢇܸ‫ڦׯ‬มࣷ࠲ဣ‫ڦ‬ၡኙă‫૴ݛں‬ဣ

ႜፇኯăට்ሞኄၵႎ‫ڦ׭‬ඪࢆ‫ۼݛں‬࿮݆ቴ‫ڟ‬ৎຼন‫ڢ‬ई

༵‫ב‬ม൶ዐ‫ࠌڦ‬ၛ੣क़Lj൐ཚ‫׉‬ᇑĐ࣌ૂđᅃَ૴ဣሞᅃഐǗ

࠽‫ޅڦׇ‬ৠLjे୛࣏ຫǖĐሞՉᇹ‫׭‬๨Ljే੗ᅜቴ‫ڦڟ‬૗ేፌ

ܸైఁ࠲ဣഽۙඪࢆට‫ڦ‬੗৊෇Ⴀᅜतᅃዖ๨௷ࣅ‫ڦ‬Ăࢻ၎

ৎ‫ڦ‬Ăඪࢆට‫ۼ‬੗ᅜඁ‫ࠌࠅڦ‬੣क़੗ీ๟ཕ‫ׇכ‬ă đDŽp. 52Dž

ፎዘ‫ࠌڦ‬٪Ⴀăยऺ฾ཚ‫׉‬჋ስࠅࠌ੣क़‫ڼڦ‬ᅃ߲ຌႠᅜ߀

ெࡔยऺ฾๬཮ᆌ‫ܔ‬ኄၵ঎൶ࣅ‫ڦ‬ՁթLjස੣क़ષ‫ݯ‬Ă

ՎĐ࿮‫ߌݛں‬đ‫ڦ‬঎൶݀ቛईዿ‫ݝ‬ၜణDŽShaftoe, 2008Džăᅺ

ᅈડၭഛ‫כ‬ᅜतมࣷႠ‫ڦ‬ᎍ݄DŽPutnam, 2000Džă‫ڍ‬๟Lj৹‫׭‬

ُLjยऺྫྫԥၙၡዐ‫ڦ‬ᅙ๝‫׭‬๨ิऄ‫ࡽޙڦ‬Ⴀ՗ኙ໯ኧದLj

ᅺഄླ၃‫ܸৣ࣍ڦ‬ำఁળষăᅺُLjਸ݀ฆౢᇼॽၜణገᅎ

‫ۆ‬႙‫ڦ‬૩ኤ৽๟Đ‫ۼ‬๨ၕ٩đ ăසࡕሞߛ௢‫׭ڦ܈‬๨‫ں‬൶Lj٩

‫ڟ‬঎൶Ljժ൐ሞఫ૛ዘႎ‫ظ‬ሰ़‫ܔ‬૬ᇀ‫׭‬๨ዐ႐ᄺ‫ܔ‬૬ᇀ঎

ግ࣏੗ᅜຫ๟‫ۼ‬๨Ⴀ‫ڦ‬Ljఫ஺ሞ঎൶৽࢔వຫକăᅺُኄዖ

ᄸৠ࠵‫ڦ‬ႎ‫ڦ‬มࣷิऄLjܸփᇼ߀ሰ৹‫׭‬ዐ‫ࢅںࣚڦ‬ፏთ० ·

݀ቛՔኾጣሞ‫׭‬๨߳ጲ‫܀‬૬‫ڦ‬ໟೌӯ‫ڦ‬ତ૛ዐ‫ܔ‬ม൶؅‫ڦ܈‬

ჯ߳քຯ໯ࢬᇛ‫ڦ‬Đག؊đႜ‫ۯ‬ăኄᅃ൵๞ׂิକଇዖ‫׭‬๨

ेഽăఫ஺Ljন‫ڢ‬ධ඗๟ࠅࠌ੣क़‫ڦ‬໫ᆖ஘Ǜ

ยऺ‫ݛ‬๕ǖோ্ม൶ࢅႎ‫׭‬๨ዷᅭă ᅃ‫ݛ‬௬Lj‫ٷ‬ଉႎ‫ڦ‬ዿ‫ׂݝ‬೗ፕྺ௨๴ྔহླ၃‫ڦ‬Ն‫ߗޅ‬ ेᅜླྀၨă໲்ԥ‫ྺ׬‬ோ্ม൶DŽBlakely & Snyder, 1997Dž ă

3.3 ࠅࠌ੣क़ࢅ঍ྫǖฆᄽዐ႐ፕྺႎ‫ࠌࠅڦ‬੣क़ ᆶၵටਦۨණኈ‫ेځܔ‬୛‫ڦ‬ዷቧLjժॠᄓฆᄽዐ႐त

໲்๟ॺ૬ሞྷ഻ాĂᆯຳටԍҾ๰࿐‫ڦ‬ຳටዿ቎൶LjՂႷ

ഄཕ‫ׇכ‬๟‫ޏ‬๟ဇ‫׭ݛ‬๨঎൶ႎ‫ࠌࠅڦ‬੣क़ăሞெࡔLjኄᅃ

‫؜‬๖ว‫ݻ‬ኤ௽‫ా෇ీݛ‬ăኄዖਸ݀‫ݛ‬๕ԥණྺ๟‫׭‬๨ଶᇘຳ

಼ೠ‫؜ܠٷ‬ጲมࣷბॆLj໱்ණྺĐெࡔ‫ࠔڦ‬࿿ዐ႐ࣅđ

42

ࡔा‫׭‬๨ࡀࣄ

2009 Vol.24, No.4

‫׭‬๨ࠅࠌ੣क़มࣷბ

DŽmallification of AmericaDžᅪ࿆ጣኈኟ‫ڦ‬੣क़‫ڦ‬ၩ๝DŽZukin,

3.4 ࠅࠌ੣क़Ljࠅࠌยแࢅୁ‫ۯ‬Ⴀǖआ‫כ‬በࢅ৊෇‫׭‬๨‫ڦ‬඄૧

1995; Hannigan, 1998Džăฆᄽዐ႐‫॔ڦ‬๫ࢅ੦዆रຍ൶‫ݴ‬ጣට

ሞ݆ࡔLjࠅࠌ঍ཚ‫ںࠀׯ‬ဌᆅሁઠሁ‫ڦܠ‬๑ᆩኁLj‫ڍ‬ഄ

ඖLjժ೨๑ට்‫ڦ‬ႜྺྜඇ௬ၠฆ೗‫ڦ‬ၩ‫ܸݯ‬࿮ᅮᇀಸ௬ࢅ

ሏଉධ඗ᆶ၌Lj঍ཚඹଉᅙঢ়‫ڟٳ‬କԏࢅăᆶ࠲አ֧‫ڦ‬༪ஃ

঍༌DŽLofland, 1998DžăᅺُLj ࠅࠌଶᇘԥಇ‫أ‬ሞኄዖ࣍ৣኮྔă

࠲ጀ‫ڟ‬କ༵ߛ঍ཚยแ‫ڦ‬ঢ়षၳᅮăᆳ࣏੗ᅜবูLj࿫ක࣏

‫ڍ‬๟Ljሞၭഛ‫כ‬঍ཚ቞ኧದ‫ں‬࿋‫ڦ‬঎൶Ljฆᄽዐ႐ධ඗‫پ‬՗

੗ᅜ‫܈ޗٷ‬३ณă‫ڍ‬໱்࢔ณ࠲ጀࠅࠌ঍ཚ੣क़සࢆ‫ࡀྺׯ‬

ጣ‫ܠܔ‬ຕටܸჾፌᅟ‫ڦڟٳ‬੣क़ă৑࠶ᆶԍҾ࠶૙Lj‫أ‬କ௽

‫׭ݔ‬๨঳ࠓࢅมࣷወႾ‫ڦ‬ᅃ߲ᄲ໎Ljኄଇ߲‫ݛ‬௬‫ڦ‬࿚༶ᅙঢ়

၂๟࿮ॆ੗ࡃኁĂፋ৶ኁࢅഒ፠ኮྔLjཚ‫׉‬௅߲ට‫ۼ‬੗ᅜ৊෇ă

ׂิă໲்๟ኈኟ‫ࠌࠅڦ‬੣क़஘Ǜ

࿢்ॽ࣮‫ڟ‬ᆯኄዖಇ؈࠲ဣᆅഐ‫ڦ‬࿚༶ฉઠă

༵‫׭ڟ‬๨঳ࠓLjआ‫כ‬በࢅ‫ں‬ཎበ࿮ᅑ๟‫׭‬๨݀ቛഽᆶ૰

౹࿔ · ߦ‫ސ‬தDŽ1971DžණྺLjࠅࠌ੣क़๟ైఁ‫ڦ‬ఔิට

‫߾ڦ‬ਏăሞഄତৎ‫ں‬൶Lj‫ڞ‬ዂକߛ௢‫܈‬ዿ‫ࢅݝ‬ฆᄽ‫݀ڦ‬ቛǗ

ኮक़ሞ࿮༬ۨᇼྭ‫ڦ‬൧઄ူ৊ႜ၎ࢻፕᆩ‫ڦ‬ଶᇘăഄዐᅃ߲

ཞ้Ljᆯᇀࠀీ‫ܠڦ‬ᄣࣅࢅ‫ٷ‬ଉටୁLjႚ‫ׯ‬କԲਃዿ൶‫ڢ‬ୟ

ዷᄲ‫ࡀڦ‬ሶ๟Đ૝ஸႠ຀ࢮđLjኄᆶዺᇀට்Եُߴᇎ٪ሞ

߸ᆛफ‫ٷڦ‬ଉ‫ڦ‬ন‫ڢ‬ăփ႞‫ڦ‬๟Lj‫כ‬በ‫݀ڦ‬ቛ࣏๟߶փฉන

‫ڦ‬඄૧Ljժ൐߳ጲٗ๚ጲम‫ڦ‬๚൧ă຀ࢮժփ‫ڪ‬ᇀ࿮‫ۯ‬ᇀ

ॷ‫ݴ‬ොࢅ຀ᇺ‫׭ڦ‬๨ணჽă๚ํฉLjፌৎ‫ڦ‬ჺ৯࣏՗௽Lj‫כ‬

ዔLj໲Ⴔᄲᅃ༫ీࠕൟ຿঍ୁ‫ࡀڦ‬ሶă๚ํฉLjఔิටྺକ

በࢅཕ‫ڦׇכ‬঳ࢇᆶዺᇀ঎൶‫ڦ‬ሺ‫׊‬ăੂઠLjኻᆶᅃ߲௢ण

ሞօႜ‫ࢪ้ڦ‬փጐ‫ڟ‬Եُᄺᄲ৊ႜࢇፕăኄ৽๟஍‫ސ‬નDŽLyn

‫ࠌࠅڦ‬঍ཚྪஏLjස‫ں‬ཎဣཥ঳ࢇߛၳ‫ࠅڦ‬঍ဣཥLj֍ీԍ

Lofland, 1998Dž໯࿍‫ڦ‬Đࢇፕీ‫ۯ‬Ⴀđ ă ُྔLjሞగၵ൧઄ူLj

ኤీᇸ‫ڦ‬বሀժ༵ࠃ໯ᆶට‫ۼ‬੗৊෇‫ࠌࠅڦ‬੣क़ă

ႜටᄺీߴᇎĐᆶ၌‫ڦ‬ӻዺđLjස༵ࠃ้क़ईኸୟăཞ้Lj஍

ٗมࣷბঙ‫ੂ܈‬Ljසࡕ࿢்ॽ੗৊෇Ⴀ๫ྺዷᄲࢅՂᄲ

‫ސ‬ન࣏‫׬‬໱்ྺĐম‫࠵ڦ؜‬ዚđ Ljӝࠅዚ๫ྺ‫׭‬๨ਗ‫࠵ڦׇ‬ዚLj

‫ڦ‬ೠॏՔጚLjबࢭுᆶనዖ੣क़ኈኟၠ໯ᆶටਸ‫ݣ‬ăፌৎLj

ํ၄କࠅࠌ੣क़໯ՂԢ‫ࠅڦ‬ዚ੗९Ⴀ‫ڦ‬ཉॲăߵ਍ኄၵՔጚLj

आ‫כ‬በतഄዜՉፕྺፌࢫ੗৊෇‫ڦ‬੣क़Ljᆅഐକႎ‫࠲ڦ‬ጀă

ཕ‫ࢅׇכ‬ฆᄽዐ႐‫ࣃڦ‬઴੗ᅜԥණྺ๟ࠅࠌ‫ڦ‬ă݆ࡔมࣷბ

‫ړ‬඗Lj‫ں‬ཎࢅआ‫ככ‬೑փ๟௨‫ڦݯ‬ă඗ܸLj‫أ‬କ୫ਜ਼ኮྔLj

ॆු௝үܻ · ձܻ‫ુڤ‬ᅉDŽSamuel Bordreuil, 2000Džሞ݆ࡔக

࣏ᆶ߳ૌሞഄ໱‫࢔ݛں‬వቴ‫ڦڟ‬๑ᆩኁLjස࿮ॆ੗ࡃኁई࿮

ෘ޹ৎᅃፗ‫ٷ‬႙ࠔ࿿ዐ႐ాჺ৯࿮ణ‫ڦڦ‬၎ࢻፕᆩႜྺLj݀

ኤᅎ௷ăᅺُLj‫ܔ‬ᇀႴᄲᆌ޲փཞටඖᅜतइ‫֡ڥ‬ጻްሗม

၄๢ᆩᇀ‫ۆ‬႙‫ڦ‬ন‫ڦڢ‬ႜྺࡀሶएԨฉᄺ๢ᆩᇀࠔ࿿ዐ႐ă

ࣷࢅ੣क़ଶᇘ‫ڦ‬रీ‫ڦ‬ට்ઠຫLjኄዖ࣍ৣ࿮ᅑ‫ྺׯ‬ଆࡻ‫ڦ‬

ঢ়‫ࠥ࠼׉‬ฆ‫ࠥڦی‬ਜ਼ࢅ‫ی‬ᇵኮक़ᆶ้ࢪᄺࣷย݆ॺ૬‫ݥ‬ኟ๕

ბသ‫ׇ‬໯ă໲்๟ኈኟ‫ࡔڦ‬ा‫ࣷۼٷ‬ăৎ౎ઠLj݆ࡔ‫ڦ‬ᅃၵ

‫࠲ڦ‬ဣLjᆮഄ๟ሞਵ‫֕ࢅ࠷ݦ‬ཐă

‫כ‬በᅙॺ‫ׯ‬ई‫݋‬ႪLjᇑฆ‫ی‬Ăਵ‫࠷֕ࢅ࠷ݦ‬঳ࢇഐઠLjሺे

ᅉટॊ · Ҿ‫ڤ‬෧DŽElijah Anderson, 1999Džሞ‫׭ݯ‬ᅃॆ๪ ాለ‫܁‬๨‫߾ׇ‬ፕ้ጀᅪ‫ڟ‬Ljኄ߲‫ڦݛں‬ฆᄽഘ‫ݳ‬ሞࠔ࿿ኁዐ ॺ૬ഐᅃዖएԨ‫ڦ‬ೝ‫࠲ڪ‬ဣܸٗ੗ᅜᅞ዆ೝ‫׉‬ሞ‫׭‬๨ন‫ڢ‬ฉ

କฆᄽᇮ໎Lj๑໲்߸থৎᇀമ௬༵‫ࠔڦڟ‬࿿ዐ႐Lj‫ڍ‬ժփ ਏᆶ჋ስႠă ሞ݆ࡔLj SNCFDŽࡔॆཎୟࠅິDžࢅ RATPDŽә૔‫ں‬ཎࠅິDž Lj

९‫ڦڟ‬ዖፃഇ๫Lj๑௅߲ටԍ‫׼‬ᅃዖࡔाႠ‫ڦ‬࿔௽Ljܸٗӻ

1990 ౎‫پ‬ഔ‫ۯ‬କᅃၜႧ႐ղղ‫ڦ‬ჺ৯ऺࣄLjኼሞ༑໭‫כ‬በሞ

ዺට்Ⴊኟጲम‫ڦ‬ೋ९ăට்ሞࠅࠌ੣क़ዐ࠵ੂ‫ڍ‬ԍାᅪ९

‫׭‬๨มࣷፇኯዐ‫ڦ‬ፕᆩLjཞօਸ๔‫࣏ڦ‬ᆶᅃ߲߸ႎၜణLjኼ

‫ڦ‬༬ኙ๑ࠅࠌ੣क़‫ྺׯ‬Đมࣷბသ‫ৣ࣍ڦ‬đLjኄᅃ༬‫ۅ‬၂ዸ‫ں‬

ሞॽ‫ں‬ཎበၠ‫׭‬๨ਸ‫ݣ‬Ljժॽ‫׭‬๨ᆅ෇‫כ‬በăә૔‫ ڦ‬Gare du

ླྀ‫ۯ‬କට‫ڦ‬ႜྺၠፎዘ‫ܠ‬ᄣႠ݀ቛăኄᅃĐ‫ٷ‬ዚටዖბđ๟

Nord आ‫כ‬በDŽԛበDž‫ྺׯ‬ᆯᅉුਖ਼ · ሀ෤‫ސ‬DŽIsaac JosephDž

߲ටሞፌ‫ܠ‬ᄣࣅ‫׭ڦ‬๨੣क़ዐ੗ᅜბ‫ڦڟ‬ᅃዖీ૰Ljᆶዺᇀ

ଶ‫ڦڞ‬ჺ৯ၭፇ‫ڦ‬ჺ৯‫ܔ‬ၡDŽJoseph ‫ ڪ‬, 1995Dž Lj໱๟݆ࡔፌ

໱்බഠ၎‫ت‬ă

ዸఁ‫ࠌࠅڦ‬੣क़ࢅ঍ཚ૙ஃጆॆă໱்ຫ௽କ੗৊෇Ⴀփৈ

ฆᄽዐ႐‫ܔ‬Đփ๴࣌ᆓኁđ‫ڦ‬ಇ؈၌዆କഄፕྺࠅࠌ੣

ൽਦᇀॏ߭Ă‫כ‬በ‫༹ํڦ‬քਆኄૌ࿿ዊཉॲLj࣏ൽਦᇀࠅ௷

क़ว‫ྜڦݻ‬ኝႠăසࡕට்၎ࢻፕᆩ‫ڦ‬ኄዖ‫ܠ‬ᄣႠ๴‫ڟ‬੦዆Ă

‫ڦ‬ऄ‫ۯ‬रీăิ૙֘ቱDŽ୾ᅖĂླྀ‫כ‬๑ᆩኁččDžेฉ৛ห

Đ৫ࣅđLjժಇ‫أ‬କᅃൎփඓۨ‫ޅڦ‬၃Ljఫ஺ኄᅃࡗ‫ײ‬ዐׂิ

ฉ‫ڦ‬ഇ๫Lj࿮ቱҹཚ‫ܔڢ‬Ⴙ‫ܠ‬ටܸჾ़փీ๑ᆩᄺੂփ९ă

‫ڦ‬ბသࢅ࿔௽৽ኻీ๴੦ᇀฉୁมࣷኄᅃုһ‫ڦ‬ඖ༹ăฆᄽ

ኄၜჺ৯ᆶዺᇀࠅࠌ੣क़ิༀბ࠵‫ۅ‬ሞ݆ࡔ‫݀ڦ‬ቛăኄᅪ࿆

ዐ႐ሁઠሁ‫ںܠ‬ᆓࢇ༬ۨ๭෇‫ڦ‬ణՔඖLjኄᅪ࿆ጣᅃዖჹ௢

ጣ੗৊෇Ⴀ๟߲ටీ૰ᇑ࣍ৣ੣क़ፇኯ‫ڦ‬঳ࢇă၎ࢻፕᆩ੗

‫ڪڦ‬प჋ስऐ዆ሞሏፕLj൶‫ݴ‬କටඖLjժॽᅙঢ়‫؜‬၄ሞਃዿ

ᅜԥ௮ຎྺĐ੗ࠃᆌႠđLjनට்ሞႜ‫ײࡗۯ‬ዐ๟‫ࠕీޏ‬इൽ

ଶᇘా‫߰ڦ‬૗࿚༶ް዆‫ڟ‬କฆᄽଶᇘăఫ஺Ljన૛֍๟ኈኟ

ժ๑ᆩDŽGibson, 1979Dž ăኄᅃ૙ஃྺ‫ܠ‬ຕว༹֘ቱට๗‫ټ‬ઠ

‫ࠌࠅڦ‬੣क़Ǜ

କ኱থ‫تࡻڦ‬Ljአ֧ٝ৊କࠅࠌ੣क़๢ᆌ୾ᅖ๑ᆩኁ‫ڦ‬ႴᄲLj සॺሰೢ‫ۉࢅڢ‬༱‫ڪ‬Lj‫ื༵ںٷٷ‬କ໱்৊෇‫׭‬๨ࠅࠌ੣क़ ‫ీڦ‬૰ăཞ้Ljኄᆼߴఫၵీ૰փ໿ඓۨ‫߲ڦ‬ට‫ټ‬ઠକ࿚

ࡔा‫׭‬๨ࡀࣄ

2009 Vol.24, No.4

43

ຯ༬‫ݐ‬భ · ྂాઙ

༶ăփࣷ‫ںړ‬ᇕჾ‫ڦ‬ఔิටྺ‫ۮ܁‬Քኾई૙঴ࠅߢ‫ݯٷ‬ዜችă

๴‫ڟ‬Đࠅዚđጚሶ‫࠶॔ڦ‬Ljߵ਍ࡘԞகຯDŽ1989Dž‫ۅ࠵ڦ‬Lj

໱்๟փ๟৑ଉՆ௨๑ᆩ‫ں‬ཎ఼Ǜཞᄣ‫ڦ‬Lj༬๺ටඖࣷփࣷ

नׂิକᅃ߲Đࠅࠌଶᇘđ ăኄᅪ࿆ጣLj঍༌ኁ໯๑ᆩ‫ڦ‬ჾً

ᅺྺ‫څ‬ᆭ੗ీ݀ิᅪྔ๚ࠤई࡞಄ሦാফܸණྺ‫ں‬ཎ໿ླ၃

ՂႷԥࠥਜ਼૙঴ࢅথ๴Lj ฯ዁๟ఫၵ‫׼‬փཞᅪ९‫ڦ‬དዚăᅺُLj

఼Ǜසࡕ๟ኄᄣLj঍ཚ੣क़ධ඗๟ඇ༹‫׭‬๨ਃ௷‫پڦ‬՗஘Ǜ

ਵ‫࠷ݦ‬੗ᅜ‫ྺׯ‬ᅃ߲ბသአዎ‫ׇڦ‬໯Ljᅜत༵ߛมࣷऄ‫ॆۯ‬

ยऺĂྼࢺࢅҾඇ‫ۼ‬๟‫כ‬በࠅࠌ࠶૙ևோ‫ڦ‬ኰሴLjኄ๑ ੗৊෇Ⴀᆼᆅ݀କଷᅃ߲࿚༶ǖࠅࠌ੣क़ᆌ޿ԥ๫ྺᅃၜࠅ

‫ࠅܔ‬ዚᆖၚీ૰‫ׇڦ‬໯ă ࠽‫ׇ‬ᄺ๟ᅃ߲਋ࣷ‫ׇ‬໯Lj‫ڍ‬๟ᅜփཞ‫ݛڦ‬๕ࣩ݀ፕᆩă

ࠌ‫ޜ‬ခ஘Ǜᅃၵბኁ৊ᅃօॽࠅࠌ੣क़‫ڪ‬ཞᇀĐ৊෇‫׭‬๨‫ڦ‬

փཞᇀ঍༌Lj࠽‫ׇ‬ዐዷᄲ‫ڦ‬঍ୁ‫ݛ‬๕๟ቛબǗईኁᅜኟ๕‫ڦ‬

඄૧đ DŽright to the cityDž ăኄዖ՗‫ݛٳ‬๕ፌ‫؛‬ᆯ݆ࡔቾბॆ࢘

ᄇᇵ / ࠵ዚ‫ڦ‬ႚ๕LjසཞਉӸᅃ‫ׇ‬ᅼૂࣷई࿔ࣅ๚ॲ้ᅃᄣǗ

૧ · ଚ᫇‫ܻޚ‬DŽ1968DžሏᆩLj໱ዷቧཚࡗ‫ܔ‬ਃ௷න‫ิ׉‬ऄ੣

ईኁ๟ᅜඟ‫׭‬๨ईඇࡔ‫ࠅڦ‬ዚ‫ڦڟੂీۼ‬አዎᆴႜ‫ڦ‬ႚ๕ă

क़‫ׂิڦ‬ઠ߸ࡻ‫ں‬৊ႜ࠶૙ăፌৎĐ৊෇‫׭‬๨‫ڦ‬඄૧đ။෇

ᅝຍॆࢅ༃‫ݕ‬ঢ়‫׉‬ሞ‫׭‬๨࠽‫ׇ‬ฉ߾ፕă໱்‫޷ݿ‬କ‫ׇ‬ৠLj༵

ଷᅃ߲݄࿆‫֫ڦ‬௬Lj࠲ጀ༬ۨටඖ৊෇ժ‫ٸ‬ሞగၵ੣क़ዐ‫ڦ‬

ࠃएԨ‫๋ڦ‬࿿Ljཞᄣ‫ڦ‬Ljॽ໱்ጲमገՎ‫࠶ੂׯ‬ন‫ࠌࠅڦڢ‬

ਨ‫ڦܔ‬੗ీႠăெࡔბኁ༚ · ௝ൎܻDŽ2003Džᅙঢ়‫׃‬ຎକዚ

ට࿿ă໱்੗ᅜԥණྺ๟ཞࠅࠌ঍ཚ߾ፕኁᅃᄣ‫ޜࠌࠅڦ‬ခ

‫׭ܠ‬๨ዐ႐ၠฆᄽ൶‫ྺྫྫࡃ࣮ڦ‬କൻደఫၵփჯ࠵‫ڦ‬ටඖă

ටᇵ஘Ǜ

ᅺُLj࿮ॆ੗ࡃኁĂฯ዁ᅎ௷Lj૶ৈ٪‫ڦ‬੗ࠃລਥ‫ݛںڦ‬ᄺ

ሞბኁ‫ڦ‬௮ຎዐLjᆴႜ๖ྰ‫૴ܔ‬ဣ਋ዚටඖࢅࠅዚঢ়‫׉‬

ԍփዿăኄዖ੣क़੦዆ཚࡗ၌዆గૌว༹‫ڦ‬٪ሞܸߵԨฉ၌

๟࿮ၳ‫ڦ‬ăፕྺ਋ዚටඖLj໱்ঢ়‫׉‬ԥੂፕ๟ᅃඖԥොք‫ڦ‬

዆କඪࢆටሞ‫׭‬๨ඪࢆ‫؜ݛں‬၄‫ڦ‬੗ీႠă၎‫ݒ‬Lj‫ٷ‬ଉ‫ڦ‬঍

ᄭჾ໯ൻ‫ڦۯ‬ఇ૎ଇ੗‫ڦ‬Ăփ੗ᇨ֪‫ڦ‬ඖ༹ă‫ڍ‬๟ፕྺࠅዚLj

ཚ੣क़ሞມዘྼ‫܈‬ฉධ඗೵Փ༵ࠃኄᅃ඄૧ă໲்๟ॽට்

‫پ‬՗ጣᅃ߲Ԉࡤඇև༹߲‫ڦ‬ኝ༹Ljഄ૴঳փৈৈ੍ࠌཞ࠲ጀ

ٗ A ‫ ڟټۅ‬B ‫ڦۅ‬঍ཚ߾ਏLjᅜԍኤට்ྺକ஢ፁႴᄲܸጲ

‫ڦ‬࿚༶Ljཞ้ᄺႴᄲߛ‫ీڦ܈‬९‫܈‬LjՂႷԥ‫د‬௃໯থ๴ࢅ‫د‬խă

ᆯୁ‫ۯ‬ă໲்ᄺ๟ඟට்ሞُ၎ᇜժሞण༹࣍ৣዐӳᄇ߳ዖ

ᅺُLjᆴႜ‫ׯ‬କĐࠅࠌଶᇘđ DŽᅜ௃༹‫ڦ‬ႚ๕Džᇑ੗৊෇‫ࠅڦ‬

փཞঙ෥‫ࠌڦ‬٪Ⴀ‫ڦ‬࿿ዊ੣क़ă

ࠌ੣क़၎ሦᇜ‫ڦ‬ፌॅ૩ኤኮᅃă๚ํฉLjኟ๟ਏᆶߛ‫ీ܈‬९

ᄺႹLj‫כ‬በࢅม൶ྜඇ၎‫ݒ‬Lj໲்փ๟አዎ༪ஃ‫ׇڦ‬໯Lj

‫ڦ܈‬ඖ༹ሞ‫ڦࣅࡽޙ‬੣क़ዐण਋֍ీᆅ݀๚ॲLj඗ࢫཚࡗ௃

ᅺྺ໲்փ๟ཕူઠႩတ‫ݛںڦ‬Lj‫ڍ‬໲்ీඟ‫ۼ‬๨ටٗዐକ

༹৊ႜ‫د‬խLjܸփ๟‫ݒ‬ኮă࣑ਔࣆຫLjኻᆶ‫ړ‬࿿ዊ੣क़ᇑ࿔

঴ጲम‫ڦ‬ཞԇă໲்๟՗‫࠲ٳ‬ጀ‫ڦ‬ፌࡻ‫ݛںڦ‬஘Ǜ

ࣅईአዎ๚ॲԨวᅙঢ়٪ሞକగዖీ‫ׯ‬ၟժ‫د‬խ‫૴࠲ڦ‬Ⴀ้Lj ྪஏĂԒኽࢅ‫ۉ‬๫ฉ՗ຎ‫ڦ‬Đࠅࠌଶᇘđ֍߸ेᆶၳăፕྺ

3.5 ࠅࠌ੣क़ᇑ௷ዷǖ࠽‫ࢅׇ‬ਵ‫࠷ݦ‬LjႩတࢅࠏཚ ଇዖࠅࠌ੣क़ຼࢭ߸ࡻ‫༹ں‬၄କࠅࠌ੣क़‫ڦ‬঍ྫࠀీă ਵ‫࠷ݦ‬๟ᅃ߲ಸ௬Ă‫ࢅࣆܔ‬༪ஃ‫ׇڦ‬໯Lj࠽‫ׇ‬๟ᅃ߲አዎणࣷĂ

ᅃዖ՗‫ٳ‬ᅴᅱ‫ׇڦ‬໯Ljࠅࠌ࠽‫ׇ‬༬՚๟૦๏Ⴀ‫ׇ‬໯Ljྫྫჹ ߭๴዆ᇀয়ִࢅยऺ֧୼Ljᅜ३ณ਋ዚࢅणࣷ‫ڦ‬੗ీႠDŽLow, 2000Dž Ljईኁ๑ഄ߸๢ࢇ৊ႜ࿔ࣅऄ‫ۯ‬Ljܸ‫ݥ‬አዎऄ‫ۯ‬ă

णࢇࢅ๖ྰ‫ݛںڦ‬ă ฉ࿔༵‫ڟ‬Ljਵ‫࠷ݦ‬๟มࣷഔ௏າ‫ڦח‬ᅍׂLj໲๟ᅃ߲ு

3.6 ࠅࠌ੣क़ࢅ֖ᇑǖፕྺยऺၜణ‫׭ڦ‬๨ࠅᇴ

ᆶ߾ፕ‫ׇ‬໯‫ڦ‬ሀຐĂᄺுᆶॆབྷԓአ‫ڦ‬มࣷࣅ‫ׇڦ‬໯DŽSennett,

๖ྰᆴႜፕྺࠅዚ՗‫ٳ‬ጲमᅪ९‫ݛڦ‬๕ਏᆶኛᅱLjᆮഄ

1970DžăӀቷӎܻ‫ک‬ԎDŽOldenburg, 1989Dž‫ڦ‬ຫ݆Lj໲๟Đ‫ڼ‬

๟‫ړ‬༪ஃࢅ༌ಒ࿮݆৊ႜ้ă‫ڍ‬๟ࠅࠌ੣क़ཞᄣ੗ᅜ๫ྺ߸

ෙ‫ׇ‬໯đLjሞఫ૛Ljට்‫ت‬ᇀᅃ߲ຄဒ‫ৣ࣍ڦ‬ዐLj௬‫ו‬ন‫ڢ‬Lj

ਏၹፕႠ‫ॆٷॽں‬਋ࢇሞᅃഐ‫ڦ‬๮܎Ljሞ‫ݛں‬؅‫ူ܈‬Ljਃ௷Ă

๴มࣷࡀ‫ݔ‬ሀຐᆼփᆩྜඇ๴มࣷኧದăፌৎLjሞ‫׭‬๨ࡀࣄ

๑ᆩኁĂ࠶૙ኁࢅ‫ړ‬჋࠳ᇵ‫ܔ‬༬ۨ‫ڦ‬࿚༶৊ႜ༪ஃă૩සLj

ዐਵ‫֕ࢅ࠷ݦ‬ཐԥᇤྺ๟ྺࠅࠌ੣क़ሺཁิഘ‫ڦ‬ᅃዖጨׂă

‫׭‬๨ࠅᇴሞ‫׭‬๨࣍ৣዐ‫ڦ‬Ⴔ൱ଉ࢔‫ٷ‬Lj໲๟‫׭‬๨ዐጲ඗হ‫ڦ‬

‫ی‬೬௽၂ߴටႜ‫ټڢ‬ઠକ࣌ૂLjኄԥፕྺࠅࠌ੣क़‫ࠀׯ‬ᇑ‫ޏ‬

༹၄Lj໲ీӻዺేٗන‫ڦ׉‬ঋሮփҾዐ঴ྃ‫؜‬ઠLj໲ࠞ૤ే

‫࢚ڦ‬ଉՔጚăྺ๊஺ࣷኄᄣ఼Ǜᅃ߲௽၂‫ٴڦ‬ӄ๟Lj‫ی‬೬๟

ሏ‫ࢅۯ‬ᇏૂă‫ڍ‬ณᆶටኪࠅᇴഄํ๟‫ק‬ዘมࣷࣅ‫ׇڦ‬໯DŽJolé,

ঢ়षऄ૰‫ڦ‬ၡኙă໱்ྺႜට༵ࠃႩတ‫ۅں‬Ă๋࿿ࢅᆃଙLj

2005Dž ă๚ํฉLjࠅᇴփࣷᇺ૗ටඖLjሞఫ૛ঢ়‫ࢅڦ׉‬ଣ้‫ڦ‬

ኄᄣ৽ీཚࡗཨጨኁࢅࠥਜ਼ቛ၄‫؜‬ᅃ߲ᆶ඀‫ڦ‬ତ૛࠲ဣLjٗ

ᆴਜ਼ኮक़‫ڦ‬มࣷথ‫ة‬๟‫ڦܠ׉ݥ‬ăࠅᇴ‫ڦ‬ኄዖมࣷྼ‫܈‬๑࿢

ܸဌᆅഄ໱‫یڦ‬೬Ljժ๑‫ืׂںݝ‬ኵईᅞ዆ཨጨ३໫ăଷᅃ

்ණྺ໲்ཚ‫৽׉‬ၟਵ‫࠷ݦ‬ᅃᄣLj๟ߛ‫ݛں܈‬Ⴀ‫ׇڦ‬໯Ljԥ

߲‫ٴ‬ӄ๟Ljਵ‫࠷ݦ‬๬཮ॽ‫׭‬๨‫ڦ‬ม൶؅‫ైࢅ܈‬ఁྼ‫૴܈‬ဣሞ

ዜྷন൶‫ڦ‬ਃ௷๑ᆩࢅ቞ᆶă‫ڍ‬Բਵ‫߸࠷ݦ‬ฯ‫ڦ‬๟Lj໱்ၠ

ᅃഐă໲்๟༪ஃຳටࢅࠅࠌ๚ခ‫ׇڦ‬໯Ljժ൐ඪࢆට‫ۼ‬੗

໯ᆶටਸ‫ݣ‬Ljٗ൬ට‫޷ڟ‬ටLjٗਃ௷‫ڟ‬ᆴਜ਼ă๑ᆩኁሞࠅᇴ

ᅜ৊෇ഄዐă໲்੗ᅜፕྺ༬ۨ๚ॲ‫ڦ‬ม൶ऄ‫ۯ‬ዐ႐Ljժٗ

՗၄‫ݴ؜‬ದࢅࠌၛ੣क़‫ీڦ‬૰Ljኄփৈৈൽਦᇀ࠶૙ටᇵ‫ܔ‬

ᅃၵଣ้ࠥਜ਼‫֖ڦ‬ᇑዐइᅮăፕྺᅃ߲঍༌‫ׇڦ‬໯Ljਵ‫࠷ݦ‬

ࡀሶ‫ڦ‬ኴႜă๑ᆩኁ՗၄‫؜‬঴ਦ؋཭‫ڦ‬रీĂߵ਍໱்ยۨ

44

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2009 Vol.24, No.4

‫׭‬๨ࠅࠌ੣क़มࣷბ

‫ݛڦ‬๕ਦۨ๟‫ޏ‬๑ᆩยऺ‫ݛ‬ӄ‫ڦ‬रీLjཞࠅᇴ‫࠶ڦ‬૙ևோ৊ ႜ༌ಒ‫ڦ‬रీDŽස้क़ĂൣলĂ࠽խ‫ڪ‬Džăኄၵ၄ၡ๑࿢்၎ ႑ࠅᇴᅙঢ়ᆯ๑ᆩኁࢅ࠶૙ኁࠌཞ࠶૙ăኄၵरీ੗ᅜԥᆩ ઠ߀৊ࠅᇴ‫ڦ‬ยऺ஘ǛፌৎLjә૔๨྿ྂᅃ߲ᇴᅝ฾ཷ‫ܓ‬ሞ ә૔‫ ڼ‬18 ൶ႎยऺᅃ߲ 4 ࠅ൨‫ࠅڦ‬ᇴăᆯᇀ‫څ‬႐ዜྷม൶ჹ ਮ‫ڦ‬มࣷጒ઄DŽೖ൬ĂᆛफĂ‫۾‬೗঍ᅟččDž Ljә૔๨ᄥ൩କ ᅃ߲มࣷბॆၭፇઠӻዺยऺLjඓԍႎ‫ࠅڦ‬ᇴਸ‫ࢫݣ‬௨๴ປ ஌ࢅԓ૰ăፕྺၭፇ‫ׯ‬ᇵLj࿢ࢅཞ๚ᅃഐ๬ጣඁֱ௽‫ںړ‬ਃ ௷໯‫څ‬႐‫ڦ‬؋཭Ljժ‫ׯ‬૬ཷ‫ܓ‬༪ஃెۨ঴ਦ‫݆ݛ‬DŽRenaud & Tonnelat, 2008Džăኄၜ߾ፕ๟एᇀᅙঢ়࠵ִ‫ڦڟ‬ഄ໱ࠅᇴࢅࣚ ‫ڦں‬๑ᆩᅜतਃ௷യሞ‫ڦ‬रీ໯৊ႜ‫ڦ‬DŽGrosjean & Thibaud, 2001Dž ăၭፇ༪ஃ‫ڦ‬ణ‫ڦ‬๟ඓණኄၵీ૰Ljժॽഄభ෇‫ڟ‬ยऺ ၜణࢅࠅᇴ࠶૙ኮዐăኄ߲ঢ়ᄓኻ๟ዚ‫ํܠ‬७ዐ‫ڦ‬ᅃ߲Lj‫ڍ‬ ໲՗௽Ljࠅࠌ੣क़ཚࡗยऺࢅྼࢺᄺཞᄣ੗ᅜ‫װ‬၄ྺᅃ߲ࠅ ࠌ࿚༶Ljᅺྺยऺࢅྼࢺሞ࢔‫܈ײٷ‬ฉਦۨକࠅᇴ‫ڦ‬੗৊෇ ႠăᅺُLjᄲॽࠅࠌଶᇘ‫ڦ‬঍ୁ༬ኙࢅ੣क़ྼ‫܈‬঳ࢇഐઠLj փৈ੗ᅜཚࡗ‫ܔ‬੣क़‫ڦ‬ᆶኛᅱ‫ڦ‬๑ᆩLjܸ൐੗ᅜཚࡗॽࠅࠌ ੣क़ፕྺᅃၜࠅࠌ‫ޜ‬ခઠ༵ࠃLjॽഄፕྺਃ௷ࢅ࠶૙ᇵ‫ࠌڦ‬ ཞ‫ڦ‬ण༹ၜణă

4 ঳ஃ ࠅࠌ੣क़ԈઔႹ‫ܠ‬փཞ‫ڦ‬ૌ႙Ljٗ৹‫ڦ‬૦๏ዐ႐‫ڟ‬঎൶ ‫݀ڦ‬ቛăࠅࠌ੣क़‫ڦ‬ႚ๕Ă๑ᆩࢅྼࢺ‫ݛںٗܔ‬؅‫ۼٷڟ܈‬ ๨൶؅‫׭ڦ܈‬๨ࡀࣄ༵‫؜‬କᅃဣଚዘᄲ࿚༶ăසࡕৃཀࠅࠌ ੣क़ԥණྺ๟‫׭‬๨߸ႎࢅ݀ቛ‫ڦ‬ጨԨĊĊঢ়षၳᅮĂࠅዚॳ ੃ࢅ‫ޟ‬૧Ă‫׭‬๨ᅪၡĂୁ‫ۯ‬ႠĂ࣌ૂLj࿢்‫݆ੂڦ‬๟Ljࠅࠌ ੣क़‫ڦ‬Ⴔᄲࢅ‫ࠀׯ‬๯ံൽਦᇀ໲ॽଇ߲ዷᄲ‫ڦ‬ժ൐๟Ղᄲ‫ڦ‬ ႠዊĊĊ੗৊෇Ⴀࢅ঍ୁĊĊ঳ࢇഐઠ‫ీڦ‬૰Lj໯ᆶഄ໱Ⴀ ዊ‫ۼ‬ᆯኄଇ߲Ⴀዊ໯ਦۨă‫ړ‬඗Ljኟස࿢்໯ੂ‫ڦڟ‬Lj໯ᆶ Քጚ‫ۼ‬੗ᅜᆶփཞ‫ူڦ܈ײ‬ইLjٗಇྔ‫ڟ‬ၠ໯ᆶටਸ‫ݣ‬Ljٗ ม൶‫ׯ‬ᇵ‫ైڟ‬ఁኁă࢔ࡻ‫ں‬঴ਦኄၵ࿚༶Ljժ൐ण༹༪ஃ঴ ਦ߸‫ڦܠ‬࿚༶๟࠳ᇵĂยऺኁĂ࠶૙ኁࢅ๑ᆩኁࠌཞ‫ڦ‬ኰሴă ֖੊࿔၅ [1] Anderson E. Code of the Street: decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city[M]. New York: W.W Norton, 1999. [2] Arendt H. The Human Condition[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958. [3] Billiard I. Groupe de travail espaces publics. La Documentation Francaise, 1988. [4] Blackmar E. Appropriating "the commons": the tragedy of property right discourse[M] // Low S, Smith N, eds. The Politics of Public Space. New York: Routledge, 2006. [5] Blakely E J, Snyder M G. Fortress America: gated communities in the United States[M]. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1997. [6] Bordreuil S. Champs relationnels, champs circulatoires, Ville émergente et

urbanité au prisme de la zone de Plan de Campagne. PUCA, 2000. [7] CERTU. La residentialisation. CERTU, 2007. [8] Cervellati R. La nouvelle culture urbaine: Bologne face a son patrimoine. Paris: Seuil, 1981. [9] Chadoin O, Godier P, Tapie G. Du politique a l'oeuvre, Bilbao, Bordeuax, Bercy, San Sebastian, Editions de l'Aube, 2000. [10] Devillers C. Le projet urbain[M]. Paris: Editions du Pavillon de l'Arsenal, 1994. [11] Duany A, Plater-Zyberk E, Speck J. Suburban Nation: the rise of sprawl and the decline of the American Dream[M]. New York: North Point Press, 2000. [12] Forsyth A. Planning Lessons from Three US New Towns of the 60s and 70s[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2002, 68. [13] Gareau J. Edge City, Life on the New Frontier[M]. New York: Anchor Books DoubleDay, 1991. [14] Goffman E. Relations in Public: microstudies of the public order[M]. New York: Basic Books, 1971. [15] Grosjean M, Thibaud J-P, eds. L'espace public urbain en méthodes[M]. Marseille: Parentheses, 2001. [16] Habermas J. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: an inquiry into a category of bourgeois society[M]. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989. [17] Hannigan J. Fantasy City: pleasure and profit in the postmodern metropolis[M]. London, New York: Routledge, 1998. [18] Jacobs J. The Death and Life of Great American Cities[M]. New York: Random House, 1961. [19] Jolé M, ed. Espaces publics et cultures urbaines. Paris: CERTU, 2002. [20] Joseph I. La ville sans qualités, La tour d'Aigues, France, Editions de l'Aube, 1998. [21] Joseph I, Boullier D, Guillaudeux V, LevY E, Lacoste M, Bayart D, Borzeix A. Gare du Nord Mode d'emploi. Editions Recherches, 1995. [22] Lefebvre H. Le droit à la ville[M]. Paris: Anthropos, 1968. [23] Lofland L H. The Public Realm: exploring the city's quintessential social territory[M]. Hawthorne. NY: Aldine de Gruyter, 1998. [24] Low S M. On the Plaza : the politics of public space and culture[M]. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000. [25] Low S M. Behind the Gates: life, security, and the pursuit of happiness in fortress America[M]. New York: Routledge, 2003. [26] Low S M, Smith N. The Politics of Public Space[M]. New York: Routledge, 2006. [27] Lynch K. The Image of the City[M]. Cambridge Mass.: Technology Press, 1960. [28] Mangin D, Panerai P. Projet Urbain[M]. Marseille: Parentheses, 1999. [29] Mitchell D. The Right to the City: social justice and the fight for public space[M]. New York: Guilford Press, 2003. [30] Oldenburg R. The Great Good Place: cafš, coffee shops, community centers, beauty parlors, general stores, bars, hangouts, and how they get you through the day[M]. New York: Paragon House, 1989. [31] Putnam R D. Bowling Alone: the collapse and revival of American community[M]. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000. [32] Renaud Y, Tonnelat S. La maitrise d'oeuvre sociologique - Les jardins d'Eole. Annales de la Recherche Urbaine. 2008. [33] Sennett R. Families Against the City: middle class homes of industrial Chicago, 1872-1890[M]. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970. [34] Shaftoe H. Convivial Urban Spaces, Creating Effective Public Spaces[M]. London: Earthscan, 2008. [35] United Nations Human Settlements Programme. The State of the World's Cities: globalization and urban culture[M]. Sterling, Va.: Earthscan, 2004. [36] Wolton D. Les contradictions de l'espace public mediatise. Hermes, 1992. [37] Zukin S. The Cultures Of Cities[M]. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1995.

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